Organization of American States

Japanese: 米州機構 - べいしゅうきこう(英語表記)Organization of American States
Organization of American States

An international organization that plays a central role in resolving various problems in the Americas. Abbreviated as OAS. This organization is a "regional and comprehensive international organization" formed as a result of the efforts made by the International Conference of the Americas (Pan-American Conference) since the end of the 19th century. The Conference of the Americas adopted the Chapultepec Accords (1945) and the Inter-American Mutual Assistance Treaty (1947), and on April 30, 1948, at its 9th Conference in Bogota, it adopted the Charter of the Organization of American States (Bogota Charter) (effective December 13, 1951). The Charter of the Organization of American States is the core of the organization, and the American Treaty of Pacific Settlement (effective at the same time as the Charter) and the Inter-American Mutual Assistance Treaty mentioned above form a trinity that constitutes a regional peace organization. The OAS's main objective is to maintain international peace and security, but at the same time, it also functions as a specialized international organization tasked with international economic, social, and cultural cooperation. Since 1967, the organization has been reformed several times, and the following core organizations have been established: the General Assembly, the Council of Foreign Ministers, the Permanent Council, the Council for Integrated Development, the Inter-American Commission on Legal Affairs, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Secretariat, the Specialized Conferences, and the Specialized Agencies. In the 1950s, the OAS was dominated by anti-communism and interventionism led by the United States, but in the 1960s, it saw the rise of nationalism in Latin American countries, and in the 1970s, the organization promoted economic, social, and cultural cooperation and became increasingly Latin American.

As of 2010, there are 35 member countries, including the United States, Canada, and 33 Latin American countries. Cuba was excluded by the 1962 resolution on sanctions against Cuba, but is still a member country in a formal sense. The headquarters is in Washington. In recent years, the organization has been focusing on establishing and maintaining democratization in the region, and is engaged in election monitoring activities in member countries and measures against poverty, which poses a threat to democracy.

[Yota Moriwaki]

[References] | Pan-American Congress

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

南北アメリカ大陸地域の諸問題解決に対して中心的役割を果たす国際機関。略称OAS。本機構は、米州国際会議(汎(はん)アメリカ会議)が19世紀末以降積み重ねてきた努力の成果として形成された「地域的・総合的な国際組織」である。米州会議は、チャプルテペック協定(1945)や全米相互援助条約(1947)を採択したが、1948年4月30日、ボゴタの第9回会議で米州機構憲章Charter of the Organization of American States(ボゴタ憲章)を採択した(1951年12月13日発効)。米州機構憲章を中核に、これと同時に採択された平和的解決に関する米州条約American Treaty of Pacific Settlement(憲章と同時に発効)と前記の全米相互援助条約は、三位一体(さんみいったい)となって地域的平和機構を構成する。米州機構は、国際の平和および安全の維持を主要な目的とするものであるが、また同時に、経済的・社会的・文化的な国際協力を任務とする専門的国際組織としても機能する。1967年以後、数回にわたって機構の改革を行い、中心機関として、総会、外務大臣協議会、常設理事会、統合開発理事会、米州法律委員会、米州人権委員会、米州人権裁判所、事務総局、専門会議、および専門機関を設置する。1950年代、合衆国主導の反共主義・干渉主義に彩られていた米州機構も、1960年代にかけて、中南米諸国の民族主義の高揚をみせ、1970年代にかけては、経済的・社会的・文化的協力の推進とともに、米州機構のラテンアメリカ化といった現象を顕著にしている。

 2010年時点で加盟国はアメリカ、カナダと中南米33か国の計35か国。キューバは1962年の対キューバ制裁決議により排除されているが、形式的には加盟国となっている。本部はワシントン。近年では、域内の民主化の確立、維持に力を入れていて、加盟各国に対する選挙監視活動や、民主主義に脅威をもたらす貧困への対策などを行っている。

[森脇庸太]

[参照項目] | 汎アメリカ会議

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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