Meristems are tissues that grow new cells through active cell division, but do not themselves differentiate into specific tissues. Meristems include the apical meristem, which is located at the root tip or shoot apex and is involved in the elongation and growth of roots and stems, and the lateral meristems, such as the cambium and cork cambium, which are involved in the growth of thickness. The apical meristem is derived from the meristem of the shoot and root of the embryo, and further inherits its properties from the fertilized egg. Therefore, it is sometimes called the primary meristem. The shoot apical meristem is located at the tip of the stem, is usually dome-shaped, and is covered with many young small leaves. Its internal structure differs depending on the major taxonomic group. In angiosperms, the surface part consists of one or several cell layers called the vellum, and inside there is a part called the endothelium. In many ferns, there is an inverted tetrahedral apical cell in the center of the surface layer of the shoot apical meristem, and it is said that all parts of the stem and leaves are derived from this cell. In addition, gymnosperms do not have a clear layered structure like angiosperms, and do not have an apical cell like ferns. The shoot apical meristem not only creates new cells internally, but also forms the "origins" of organs such as leaves, branches, and flowers, that is, the primordia, outward. These primordia arise as protrusions on the sides of the shoot apical meristem and develop into the respective organs. The root apical meristem is located at the tip of the root, and at the tip of that is the root cap. The root cap is a tissue that protects the meristem from damage as the root extends underground. Because the root tip does not form lateral organs such as leaves like the shoot apex, the internal structure is often well organized, and it is often easy to see the relationship between the meristem and differentiated tissues such as the epidermis, cortex, and vascular bundles. In ferns, the root apical meristem also contains tetrahedral apical cells. The cambium, a lateral meristem, is located between the xylem and phloem in the stems and roots of most gymnosperms and dicotyledonous trees, and is a circular meristem in cross section. The cambium consists of spindle-shaped initial cells and ray initial cells. The former are vertically elongated cells with pointed ends. By tangential division, the outer cells differentiate into secondary phloem, and the inner cells into secondary xylem. In this way, the cambium produces new xylem and phloem every year, so the stem grows larger every year. The latter also produces secondary phloem and rays that run radially within the secondary xylem. The cambium consists of intravascular cambium and intervascular cambium. The former is formed between the xylem and phloem of the primary vascular bundles, and the latter is newly formed in the parenchyma between the vascular bundles. The two are connected to each other to form the circular cambium. When stems and roots swell due to the action of the cambium, the epidermis that protects the surface is torn or peeled off. The cork cambium is a meristematic tissue that produces cork tissue to protect the stem in place of the epidermis. However, as the stem continues to swell, it can be replaced by new cork cambium that differentiates further inwards. The cork cambium is also known as a secondary meristematic tissue, as it originates from the cortical cells in stems and from the endothelium in roots. In the case of the cambium, the intervascular cambium is considered to be a secondary meristematic tissue, but there is also the view that the intravascular cambium is derived directly from the procambium, which differentiates into primary vascular bundles. However, the xylem and phloem produced by the cambium are secondary tissues. [Kengo Souma] [Reference] |© Satoshi Shimazoe Dicotyledonous root (cross section) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
活発な細胞分裂によって新しい細胞を増殖し、しかもそれ自身はけっして特定の組織に分化しない組織をいう。分裂組織には、根端や茎頂にあって根や茎の伸長成長にかかわる頂端分裂組織と、形成層やコルク形成層のように太さの成長にかかわる側部分裂組織とがある。 頂端分裂組織は、胚(はい)の幼芽と幼根の分裂組織に由来し、さらに受精卵からその性質を引き継いでいるとみることができる。そのため、一次分裂組織とよばれることもある。茎頂分裂組織は茎の先端にあり、普通はドーム型で、多数の若い小さな葉に覆われている。その内部構造は、大きな分類群によって異なっている。被子植物では、表面の部分は外衣(がいい)とよばれる一ないし数層の細胞層からなり、その内部には内体(ないたい)とよばれる部分がある。多くのシダ植物では、茎頂分裂組織の表層中央に倒立した四面体状の頂端細胞があり、茎と葉のすべての部分はこの細胞に由来するという説もある。また、裸子植物では、被子植物のような明確な層状構造がみられず、また、シダ植物のような頂端細胞もない。茎頂分裂組織は内部で新しい細胞をつくるばかりでなく、外に向かって葉、枝、花などの器官の「もと」、すなわち原基を形成する。これらの原基は、茎頂分裂組織の側面に突起として生じ、それぞれの器官へと発達する。根端分裂組織は根の先端部に位置しているが、さらにその先端には根冠がある。根冠は、根が地中を伸長するときに、分裂組織が傷害を受けないように保護する組織である。根端は、茎頂のように葉などの側生器官を形成しないため、多くの場合、内部構造は整然としており、表皮、皮層、維管束などの分化した組織と、分裂組織との由来関係がわかりやすい場合も多い。なお、シダ植物では、根端分裂組織にも四面体状の頂端細胞がある。 側部分裂組織である形成層は、裸子植物の大部分と双子葉植物の樹木の茎や根の木部と篩部(しぶ)との間に位置し、横断面では環状の分裂組織である。形成層は、紡錘形始原細胞と放射組織始原細胞からなり、前者は両端がとがった縦に細長い細胞で、接線面の分裂により、外側につくられた細胞は二次篩部に、内側の細胞は二次木部に分化する。このように、形成層によって毎年新しい木部と篩部がつくられるため、茎は年ごとに肥大成長していく。また、後者は二次篩部と二次木部内を放射方向に走る放射組織をつくる。形成層は、維管束内形成層と維管束間形成層からなっている。前者は一次維管束の木部と篩部との間に生じたもので、後者は維管束と維管束の間の柔組織内に新しく生じたものである。両者は互いにつながって環状の形成層となる。形成層の働きで茎や根が肥大すると、表面を保護している表皮は裂けたり、はがれたりする。コルク形成層は、このような表皮にかわって、茎の保護をするコルク組織をつくる分裂組織である。しかし、茎の肥大が進むと、さらに内方に分化する新しいコルク形成層と交代することがある。コルク形成層は、茎では皮層の細胞、根では内鞘(ないしょう)に由来するため、二次分裂組織ともよばれる。なお、形成層の場合、維管束間形成層は二次分裂組織と考えられるが、維管束内形成層は、一次維管束に分化する前形成層から直接由来するという見解も出されている。しかし、形成層がつくる木部や篩部は二次組織である。 [相馬研吾] [参照項目] |©島添 敏"> 双子葉植物の根(断面図) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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