Secretion - Secretion

Japanese: 分泌 - ぶんぴつ
Secretion - Secretion

This is the phenomenon in which a cell releases substances synthesized within the cell or metabolic products of the cell outside the cell. It is also called "secretion." The released substances are called secretions. When secretions are unnecessary for the body, they are called excretion. In metazoans, the cells that perform this type of secretion are called glandular cells or secretory cells, and tissues or organs formed by groups of glandular cells are called glands. Secretion can be classified as exocrine or endocrine, and a distinction is made between exocrine glands that have ducts that conduct secretions to the outside and endocrine glands that do not have special ducts and release secretions directly into the body fluids.

Secretory materials produced in secretory cells are released outside the cells in three ways: total secretion, exocytosis, and transudation. Total secretion is when the nucleus shrinks due to the secretory material filling the cell, and the dead cell is secreted as a whole (e.g., sebaceous glands and goblet cells of the intestine). In transudation, the secretory material gathers near the cell's surface and protrudes, and the base of the protrusion narrows and separates (e.g., exocytosis and mammary glands). Transudation can be further divided into exocytosis and transudation by observation using an electron microscope. Exocytosis is a type in which secretory granules surrounded by a limiting membrane fuse with the cell membrane, and the contents are released from the open fusion point (e.g., exocrine pancreatic cells and serous cells of the salivary gland). Transudation is a type in which the contents leak out of the cell without deformation of the cell membrane.

Cells that secrete large amounts of proteinaceous substances have well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cells that secrete mucus, the main component of which is mucin, stain well with mucicarmine and Schiff's reagent. Cells that secrete fat, such as sebaceous glands, have well-developed tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with villus-shaped crystals.

Some glands developed in animals perform special functions related to their ecology and life cycle. For example, the chloride cells in the gills of marine bony fish excrete salts from the blood, the pigeon's bursa secretes milk to raise its chicks, and the silk gland of a silkworm excretes raw silk. There are also special glands that secrete odorous substances that distinguish between the same species and different species.

[Seiichiro Kawashima]

Secretion in plants

In the case of plants, there are special secretory cells, or secretory tissues that are collections of secretory cells that contain secretions. Secretory tissues include those that contain secretions within the cells, those that have become long tubular tissues, and those that have developed into pouches with intercellular spaces. Secretions include tannins, essential oils, milky fluid, mucus, fats and oils, and rubber. Examples of secretory tissues include nectar-secreting glands, lacteals in dandelions, and resin ducts in pine trees. Physiologically important secretions include hormones and enzymes. A well-known example is the secretion of the plant hormone gibberellin from the embryo of a barley seed, which causes amylase (an enzyme) to be secreted from the aleurone layer into the endosperm through the action of this gibberellin.

[Seiichi Yoshida]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

細胞が細胞内で合成された物質または細胞の代謝産物を細胞外に放出する現象。「ぶんぴ」ともいう。放出された物質を分泌物という。分泌物が生体にとって不用な場合は排出といって区別する。後生動物ではこのような分泌を行う細胞を腺細胞(せんさいぼう)または分泌細胞といい、腺細胞が集まってつくる組織または器官を腺という。分泌には外分泌と内分泌とがあり、分泌物を外部に導出する管をもつ外分泌腺と、特別の導管がなく体液中に分泌物を直接に放出する内分泌腺が区別される。

 分泌細胞内でつくられた分泌物が細胞外に放出される形式には全分泌、離出分泌、漏出分泌の三通りがある。全分泌とは、分泌物が充満するため核が萎縮(いしゅく)し、死んだ細胞が全体として分泌されることをいう(皮脂腺、腸の杯(はい)状細胞など)。離出分泌では、分泌物が細胞の表層近くに集まり突出し、突起の付け根がくびれて離れる(離出汗腺、乳腺など)。漏出分泌は、電子顕微鏡を用いた観察により、さらに開口分泌と透出分泌に分けられる。開口分泌はエキソサイトーシスともよばれ、限界膜に包まれた分泌顆粒(かりゅう)が細胞膜と癒合し、開口した癒合点から内容物が外へ放出される形式である(膵臓(すいぞう)外分泌腺細胞、唾液(だえき)腺の漿液(しょうえき)細胞など)。一方、透出分泌とは、細胞膜の変形なしで内容物が細胞外へしみ出る形式をいう。

 分泌物としてタンパク質性物質を多量に生産する細胞には、粗面小胞体がよく発達している。ムチンを主成分にする粘液を分泌する細胞はムチカーミンやシッフ試薬によく染まる。皮脂腺のように脂肪を分泌する細胞には、小管状の滑面小胞体がよく発達し、絨毛(じゅうもう)状のクリスタをもつミトコンドリアがある。

 動物に発達している腺には、その生態や生活史と関連して特殊な機能を発揮するものがある。たとえば、海産硬骨魚類のえらにある塩類細胞は血液中の塩類を排出し、ハトの嗉嚢(そのう)は雛(ひな)を育てるためのミルクを分泌し、また、カイコの絹糸腺は生糸を吐出する。このほか、同種と異種を区別するにおい物質を分泌する特殊な腺もある。

[川島誠一郎]

植物における分泌

植物の場合には、特殊な分泌細胞、あるいは分泌細胞が集まって分泌物を含有する分泌組織がある。分泌組織には、分泌物を細胞内に含むもの、長い管状組織となったもの、細胞間隙(かんげき)が発達して袋状になったものなどがあり、分泌物としては、タンニン、精油、乳液、粘液、油脂、ゴムなどがある。蜜(みつ)を分泌する蜜腺やタンポポの乳管、マツなどの樹脂道が分泌組織の例である。生理的に重要な分泌物として、ホルモンや酵素などがある。オオムギの種子の胚(はい)から植物ホルモンであるジベレリンが分泌され、このジベレリンの作用で糊粉(こふん)層からアミラーゼ(酵素)が胚乳へ分泌される例は有名である。

[吉田精一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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