A jurisprudence that analytically explains the characteristics of positive law and legal concepts without value judgment. It represents the British form of legal positivism. It was established by J. Austin, who absorbed the German Pandegtene jurisprudence of the late 19th century and J. Bentham's utilitarian legal ideas, but was not taken seriously at first. It was appreciated by the British legal historian H. Maine, and became a tradition in the British legal world. After Austin, it was slightly modified by S. Pollock, S. Salmond, and others, but its basic tendency was inherited. Its influence can be seen in the legal theories of W. Hohfeld and H. Terry in the United States. It focuses only on "law in the proper sense," that is, positive law, which is clearly distinguished from morality and natural law, and is based on the command theory that law is the command of the sovereign. Its main theories are analysis of concepts such as rights, obligations, freedom, damages, and punishment, explanation of the relationships between these concepts, the distinction between written law and unwritten law, the distinction between ownership and limited real rights, and the distinction between torts and crimes. In that its subject is the analysis or explanation of basic concepts of positive law, it is similar to German general jurisprudence of the late 19th century, and its analytical method is also similar to H. Kelsen's pure jurisprudence. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
実定法の特質,法律上の諸概念などを価値判断を交えずに分析的に解明する法学。法実証主義のイギリス的形態を代表するものである。 19世紀後半のドイツのパンデクテン法学および J.ベンサムの功利主義法思想を吸収した J.オースティンによって確立されたが,当初は人々に顧みられず,イギリスの歴史法学者 H.メーンによって評価され,イギリス法学界の伝統となるにいたった。オースティン以後は S.ポロック,S.サーモンドらによって多少の修正を受けながらも,その基本的傾向は継承された。アメリカにおける W.ホーフェルド,H.テリーなどの法理論にはその影響がみられる。道徳,自然法から明確に区別された「固有の意味での法」つまり実定法のみを対象とし,法は主権者の命令であるという命令説を前提にして,権利,義務,自由,損害,刑罰などの概念の分析およびそれらの諸概念相互の関係の説明,成文法と不文法の区分,所有権と制限物権との区分,不法行為と犯罪との区分などがその主たる理論として展開されている。実定法の基本概念の分析または説明が主題であるという点では,19世紀後半のドイツの一般法学に類似し,またその分析的方法は H.ケルゼンの純粋法学にも似ている。
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