It means dividing the production process into several departments or steps, and different people specialize in these specialized parts. There are two types of division of labor: social division of labor, in which the total social labor is divided into various industrial sectors in society and various occupations within those industrial sectors, and individuals specialize in these subdivided occupations, and intra-workplace division of labor, in which a large number of workers are gathered in a capitalist-owned workshop, as is typically seen in manufacturing, and each worker specializes in the various divided production processes. In either type of division of labor, individual producers specialize in specific tasks, which increases their labor skills, reduces the waste of labor time associated with moving between different tasks, and increases the productivity of labor by improving and diversifying the tools of labor to suit the specialized tasks. Social division of labor develops spontaneously on the physiological basis of sex and age differences within a primitive community, but as long as it is carried out within the community on the basis of the common ownership of the means of production, it is not linked to commodity production. Barter begins between different communities, which then develops into commodity exchange, which links the communities through commodity exchange and transforms them into interdependent productive sectors of social production as a whole. As commodity exchange penetrates the community and gives rise to private ownership of the means of production, commodity exchange develops at the same time as social division of labor develops. Capitalism arises with a certain degree of development of commodity exchange as its historical premise. Capitalist production starts as simple cooperation, where many workers gathered in the same workshop are engaged in the production of the same commodity under the direction of the capitalist, but it quickly transitions to cooperation based on the division of labor (manufacture), where the production process is divided and each worker specializes in a specific process. Here, the division of labor within the workshop appears in earnest. Manufacture transitions to large-scale mechanized industry with the transformation of tools into machines, which leads to further development of the division of labor within the workshop. Here, machines are the main actors in production, and the workers distributed among the specialized machines are transformed into accessories of the machines that specialize in operating specific machines, completing the substantial inclusion of workers under capital. The division of labor within the workshop, which is typical of manufacture, arises on the premise of a certain development of the social division of labor, but conversely, it reacts against and develops the social division of labor. With the transition to large-scale mechanized industry, the social division of labor develops even further. As a result, as the amount of raw materials, semi-finished products, labor tools, etc. supplied increases, the processing of raw materials and semi-finished products becomes specialized and the social production sector becomes diversified. While the division of labor within the workshop is organized in a planned manner under the despotic control of capitalists, anarchy reigns in the social division of labor based on private, decentralized ownership of the means of production. [Nihei Satoshi] "Kapital, Vol. 1, Part 4, by K. Marx (translated by Itsuro Mukaizaka, Iwanami Bunko / translated by Jiro Okazaki, Otsuki Shoten, Kokumin Bunko)" "The Wealth of Nations, Part 1, by A. Smith (translated by Kazuo Okochi, Chuko Bunko / translated by Hyoe Ouchi and Shichiro Matsukawa, Iwanami Bunko)" [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生産過程をいくつかの部門・工程に分け、異なった人々がこの分割された特殊的部分に専門的に従事することをいう。分業には、社会的総労働が社会のさまざまな産業部門やさらにそれらの産業部門において種々の職業に区分され、個々人がこうして細分化された職業に専門的に従事する社会的分業と、マニュファクチュアに典型的にみられるように、多数の労働者が資本家の所有する作業場に寄せ集められ、個々の労働者が分割された種々の生産工程を専門的に担う作業場内分業とが存在する。いずれの分業にあっても、個々の生産者は特定の作業に専門的に従事することによって、労働の熟練が高まり、異なった作業間の移動に伴う労働時間のむだが縮小し、労働用具が特殊化された作業に適合的に改良かつ多様化されることによって労働の生産力が上昇する。 社会的分業は、原始共同体内における性および年齢の差という生理学的な基礎のうえに自然発生的に発展するが、共同体内部で生産手段の共有のもとで社会的分業が行われている限り、それは商品生産とは結び付いていない。異なった諸共同体の間で物々交換が始まり、それがやがて商品交換へと発展していくが、それによって各共同体は商品交換を媒介として連関させられ、社会的な全生産の相互に依存しあう生産部門に転化させられる。商品交換が共同体の内部に浸透し、生産手段の私的所有を生み出してゆくにつれて、社会的分業が発展すると同時に商品交換も発展していく。このような商品交換の一定程度の発展を歴史的前提として資本主義が発生する。 資本制的生産は、同一作業場内に集められた多数の労働者が資本家の指揮のもとに同一商品の生産に従事する単純協業という形で出発するが、それは、生産工程が分割されて各労働者が特定の工程のみを専門的に担当する分業に基づく協業(マニュファクチュア)に早急に移行する。ここで作業場内分業が本格的に登場する。マニュファクチュアは、道具の機械への転化に伴って機械制大工業へ移行するが、これによって作業場内分業がいっそう発展する。ここでは機械が生産の主体であり、特殊化された諸機械の間に配分される労働者は、特定の機械を専門的に操作する機械の付属物に転化し、労働者の資本のもとへの実質的包摂が完成する。マニュファクチュアに典型的にみられる作業場内分業は、社会的分業の特定の発展を前提として発生するが、逆に社会的分業に反作用してそれを発展させる。機械制大工業に移行すると社会的分業はいっそう発展する。それによって供給される原料や半製品や労働用具等の分量が増加するに伴って、原料や半製品の加工が分化していき社会的生産部門が多様化するからである。作業場内分業は資本家の専制的支配のもとに計画的に編成されているのに対して、生産手段の私的分散的所有に基づく社会的分業においては無政府性が支配している。 [二瓶 敏] 『K・マルクス著『資本論』第1巻第4篇(向坂逸郎訳・岩波文庫/岡崎次郎訳・大月書店・国民文庫)』▽『A・スミス著『国富論(諸国民の富)』第1篇(大河内一男監訳・中公文庫/大内兵衛・松川七郎訳・岩波文庫)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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