Cultural History

Japanese: 文化史 - ぶんかし
Cultural History

The subject of history covers all aspects of human life, so research is differentiated according to the field and takes various forms such as political history, economic history, legal history, art history, and intellectual history. Cultural history is one of them, and the subjects it deals with are broad, from the lowest level of life such as customs and habits to politics, economics, and higher academic, art, religion, and other activities. However, the subject is broad, and the method of cultural history is not clearly defined. In general usage, it is often used in reference to political history, which is biased toward the intellectual activity aspect and is close to spiritual history, technological history, and artistic history. The distinction between cultural history and civilization history is also unclear. In terms of meaning, "culture" refers to intellectual and spiritual formation, and "civilization" refers to technological and social formation, but the two are related to each other and cannot be used separately. Toynbee calls the larger scale of cultural history the history of civilization, but this definition has not yet been established in academic circles.

So-called cultural history is a product of the 18th century Enlightenment in Europe. Based on this encyclopedic knowledge, it was established at a turning point when the view of history changed from sacred to secular history. In his work "The Spirit and Customs of Nations," the French writer Voltaire broke with the traditional Christian Eurocentric view of history, treated non-European peoples equally, placed Islam and Buddhism on the same level as Christianity, and wrote a wide-ranging history that covered everything from the customs and commerce of the masses to upper-class scholarship and art. This was the beginning of cultural history. However, German historiography in the 19th century leaned toward political history due to its interest in nationalism, and cultural history was neglected. At the end of the 19th century, Lamprecht proposed a unique cultural history. In contrast to traditional political history, Lamprecht's work focused on the social state itself, and instead of describing individual facts, he used a collectivist method to extract the general type and development stage of events. His intention was to introduce natural science methods and turn history into a law science like Comte and Buckle, which was opposed by professional historians and philosophers. There is no one to carry on this method. In the 20th century, Spengler took a macro view of cultural forms, viewing them as organisms through biological analogy, and saw the cycle of emergence, growth, and death of these individuals as a pattern of cultural history. This hypothesis intuitively captures one aspect of cultural history, but because the subject is too large to be empirically proven, it has not become a scientific method of history. Cultural history has been written in a variety of ways without a set concept.

[Kamiyama Shiro]

"Culture and History" by Bagby, translated by Arata Yamamoto and Takeshi Tsutsumi (1976, Sobunsha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

歴史学の対象は人間のあらゆる生活面にわたるので、その研究はそれぞれの領域に応じて分化し、政治史、経済史、法制史、美術史、思想史等々多様な形態をとる。文化史もその一つで、扱う対象は風俗、習慣のような底辺の生活様式から、政治、経済を含み、高次の学問、芸術、宗教などの活動面までを広く包括する。しかし対象が広いだけで、文化史の方法は明確に規定されていない。一般の用法としては政治史に対して使われることが多く、その場合は知的活動面に偏って、精神史、技術史、芸術史に近いものとなる。文化史と文明史の区別も明確ではない。語義としては「文化」は知的・精神的形成をさし、「文明」は技術的・社会的形成をさすが、両者は互いに関連しているから、別個に使い分けられるものではない。トインビーは文化史のスケールの大きいものを文明史というが、この定義も学界に定着していない。

 いわゆる文化史はヨーロッパの18世紀啓蒙(けいもう)思想の産物である。その百科全書的な知識がもとになって、歴史の見方が聖史から俗史へ変わる転機に成立した。フランスのボルテールは『諸国民の精神と習俗論』において、伝統的なキリスト教的ヨーロッパ中心史観を打ち破り、非ヨーロッパ諸民族を同等に扱い、イスラム教や仏教をキリスト教と同列に置き、民衆の風俗や商業から上層の学問、芸術にわたる広範な歴史を書いた。これが文化史の始まりである。しかし19世紀のドイツ史学はナショナリズムへの関心から政治史に傾き、文化史は疎んぜられた。19世紀末ランプレヒトは独特の文化史を提唱した。それは伝統的な政治史に対して社会状態そのものを対象にして、その個別的事実を記述するのではなく、集団主義的方法で事象の一般型、発展段階を抽出するものだった。彼の意図は自然科学的方法を導入し、コントやバックルのように歴史を法則科学にしようとするものであったため、専門の歴史家や哲学者から反対された。この方法の継承者はいない。20世紀に入りシュペングラーは文化の形態をマクロにとらえ、それを生物学的アナロジーで有機体とみ、その個体の発生・成長・死滅の循環を文化史のパターンとした。この仮説は文化史の一つの側面を直観的にとらえてはいるが、対象が大きすぎて実証できないために、科学的な歴史学の方法にはなっていない。文化史は概念が決まらぬまま多様に書かれている。

[神山四郎]

『バグビイ著、山本新・堤彪訳『文化と歴史』(1976・創文社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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