Feces - dung

Japanese: 糞 - ふん
Feces - dung

It is a mixture of the residues of food ingested by animals that has been broken down and absorbed by enzymes in the digestive tract, exfoliated cells from the digestive tract epithelium, intestinal bacteria, secreted mucus and pigments, etc. In humans, it is also called feces or stool. Not only the food excreted outside the intestinal tract, but also the digestive residues that remain in the intestine are called feces. The composition of feces varies depending on the composition of the ingested food and the animal's diet. Feces formation in mammals is as follows. First, food is chewed in the mouth and mixed with salivary enzymes and sent to the stomach, where hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes are added and it is sent to the duodenum, where bile acids and yellow bile pigment (bilirubin) are added, and the digested matter is absorbed by the intestinal epithelium, but some of the residues are broken down by intestinal bacteria and gases such as indole, skatole, and hydrogen sulfide are added. This is fluid feces, but gradually water is absorbed and it becomes solid feces. Some of the bile pigments in the feces are reduced by bacteria to urobilinogen. The feces then mainly collect and condense in the descending colon, and are excreted by muscle contractions in the rectum and anus. The excreted feces changes from yellow to black-brown rapidly because urobilinogen is oxidized in the air to urobilin. Bird feces and urine are excreted from a common cloaca, so the feces become contaminated with uric acid and phosphates. Earthworms take in a large amount of soil and digest the organic matter in the soil before excreting it, so their feces become a large amount of soil clumps consisting of soil and a small amount of mucus, which helps aerate the soil and retain moisture. They also have the effect of spreading soil bacteria and helping microorganisms function.

[Takasugi Akira]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動物の摂取した食物が消化管内で酵素によって分解、吸収されたのちの残滓(ざんし)や、消化管上皮の剥離(はくり)した細胞、腸内バクテリア、分泌された粘液や色素などの混合したものをいう。ヒトの場合は糞便または大便ともよぶ。腸管外に排出されたものだけでなく、腸内停留の消化残滓も糞という。糞の成分は摂取した食物の組成や動物の食性によって変動する。哺乳(ほにゅう)類の糞形成は次のように行われる。まず食物を口中でそしゃくし唾液(だえき)酵素と混ぜて胃に送り込み、塩酸と消化酵素を加えて十二指腸に送られ、そこで胆汁酸や黄色の胆汁色素(ビリルビン)が加わり、消化物は腸上皮から吸収されるが、残滓の一部は腸内バクテリアで分解されてインドール、スカトール、硫化水素などのガスが添加される。これは流動糞であるが、しだいに水分が吸収されて固形糞になる。糞中の胆汁色素の一部はバクテリアで還元されてウロビリノゲンになる。その後、糞は主として結腸下行部に集まって凝縮し、直腸、肛門(こうもん)の筋肉の収縮で排出される。排出された糞が黄色から急速に黒褐色になるのは、ウロビリノゲンが空気中で酸化されてウロビリンになるからである。鳥類の糞と尿は共通の総排出腔(こう)から排出されるため、糞に尿酸やリン酸塩が混入する。ミミズは多量の土壌を取り込んで土中の有機物を消化してから排出するので、糞は土壌と少量の粘液からなる多量の団塊状土粒となり、土壌の通気や水分の貯留に役だつ。また土壌菌を拡散させて微生物の働きを助ける効果もある。

[高杉 暹]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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