A simple protein hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary gland, present in fish and mammals. It is also called lactation-stimulating hormone (lactogenic hormone) or luteinizing hormone. Sheep prolactin has 198 amino acid residues, a molecular weight of 23,300, and its structure has also been determined. In cows, it has a molecular weight of approximately 25,000. Human prolactin has 191 amino acid residues. In mammals, prolactin stimulates milk secretion and promotes the development of the mammary glands by working in cooperation with other hormones. In mice and rats, it stimulates the corpus luteum in the ovaries and promotes the secretion of progesterone. In pigeons, it causes the epithelium of the cavern to proliferate and produces cavernous milk to feed the chicks. In frog tadpoles, it inhibits metamorphosis and promotes growth. In some bony fish, it increases the number of mucus cells in the skin and increases the amount of mucus. Prolactin is also said to induce nursing behavior in mammals, birds, and fish. It is said to trigger the urge to migrate in migratory birds. It is also said that prolactin is responsible for the migration of a species of newt into the water during the spawning season. Thus, the physiological effects of prolactin vary depending on the animal species, but in all vertebrates, it is involved in the metabolism of water and electrolytes and plays an important role in osmotic regulation. For example, if the pituitary gland of a euryhaline fish such as the killifish is removed and transferred to freshwater, the osmotic pressure drops due to the outflow of sodium ions (Na + ), leading to death. However, by injecting prolactin, Na + is retained and the fish survives. In mammals, prolactin also acts to promote the reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the intestines and kidneys. In mammals, prolactin secretion is suppressed by dopamine (prolactin inhibitory factor) synthesized in the hypothalamus of the brain. In birds, secretion is promoted by prolactin-releasing factor. In fish, prolactin cells are said to be directly controlled by Na + concentration in addition to being regulated by the brain. [Sumio Takahashi] "Growth Hormone and Prolactin Family" edited by the Japanese Society for Comparative Endocrinology (1996, Society Publication Center) [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
下垂体前葉から分泌される単純タンパク質のホルモンで、魚類から哺乳(ほにゅう)類まで存在する。泌乳刺激ホルモン(乳腺刺激ホルモン(にゅうせんしげきほるもん))、黄体刺激ホルモンともいう。ヒツジのプロラクチンは、アミノ酸残基198個で、分子量2万3300であり、構造も決定されている。ウシでは分子量約2万5000である。ヒトのプロラクチンはアミノ酸残基191個である。 プロラクチンは哺乳類では、乳汁分泌を刺激し、ほかのホルモンとの協同作用により乳腺の発達を促す。ネズミやハツカネズミでは、卵巣の黄体を刺激し、黄体ホルモンの分泌を促す。ハトでは、嗉嚢(そのう)上皮を増殖させ、雛(ひな)の餌(えさ)となる嗉嚢乳をつくらせる。カエルの幼生では、変態の抑制、成長促進などの作用を示す。硬骨魚のあるものでは、皮膚の粘液細胞数を増加させ、粘液量も高める。また、プロラクチンは哺乳類、鳥類、魚類の哺育行動を誘起するという。渡り鳥では、渡りの衝動を引き起こすといわれている。イモリの一種での産卵期の水中への移動もプロラクチンによるという。このようにプロラクチンの生理作用は動物種によりさまざまであるが、脊椎(せきつい)動物全般にわたり、水、電解質の代謝に関係し、浸透圧調節に重要な役割を果たしている。たとえば広塩性の魚であるメダカなどで、下垂体を摘出して淡水に移すと、ナトリウムイオン(Na+)の流出により浸透圧が低下し死に至る。しかし、プロラクチンを注射することにより、Na+が保持され魚は生き残る。哺乳類でも、腸や腎臓(じんぞう)での水、電解質の再吸収促進にプロラクチンが作用している。プロラクチンの分泌は、哺乳類では脳の視床下部で合成されるドーパミン(プロラクチン抑制因子)による抑制を受けている。鳥類では、プロラクチン放出因子により分泌は促進される。魚類ではプロラクチン細胞は、脳の調節以外にNa+濃度による直接的分泌支配を受けているという。 [高橋純夫] 『日本比較内分泌学会編『成長ホルモン・プロラクチンファミリー』(1996・学会出版センター)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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