An international conference to settle the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. It began in September 1814, five months after Napoleon's abdication, and ended with the signing of the Final Act on June 9, 1815. Although this conference brought together monarchs and rulers from almost all of Europe, in reality, the four nations of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain took the lead in the conference, and all major decisions were made by the great powers. The main focus of postwar settlement was on suppressing revolutionary forces through restoration and creating a stable international order based on the principle of balance of power. The results of the conference can be summarized as follows: (1) In order to reduce and contain the territory of the defeated France, he forced the Netherlands to acquire Belgium, gave two-fifths of Saxony and other parts to Prussia in order to strengthen it, and accepted Switzerland's demand for the formation of a confederation and permanent neutrality, thereby creating barriers around France. (2) Regarding the German states, the number of states, which had been reduced from over 300 to 38 during the Napoleonic Wars, was recognized as they were, and from the standpoint of maintaining the balance of power, the state of "there are no powerful states in Central Europe" was maintained in the form of a loose "federation." (3) Building on its military victory over Napoleon, Russia was trying to expand rapidly, and Poland was given the remaining Polish territories, including Krakow as an independent city and Danzig as part of Prussia, to Russia. (4) As for Austria, the Germans compensated for the loss of Belgium by acquiring northern Italy, and gave it the status of leader of the German Confederation, preparing it for the rise of Prussia. The Congress of Vienna is also known for establishing the principle of free navigation on international waterways and for setting diplomatic institutions and practices. The Congress of Vienna did not proceed smoothly. After the four victorious powers agreed to take the lead in the conference, French Foreign Minister Talleyrand stepped in to secure his own voice, taking advantage of the discontent of the smaller nations, and in January 1815, France, Austria, and Britain concluded a secret agreement to prevent Russian tyranny. The conference was plagued by conflicts, and Napoleon suddenly escaped from the island of Elba (February 1815) and played a major role in the "Hundred Days". However, the Austrian Chancellor Metternich, who presided over the conference, held a ball for the representatives of each country gathered in Vienna, waiting for the right time (hence the satirical phrase "The conference dances, but the conference does not progress"), and British Foreign Secretary Castlereagh also played an active role as a mediator between the conflicting demands. It is also true that the best of classical European diplomacy was demonstrated. [Hiroshi Momose] "The Maturity and Collapse of Classical Diplomacy" by Masataka Kosaka (1978, Chuokoron-Shinsha) [References] |©Shogakukan "> Europe in 1815 Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ナポレオン戦争の戦後処理を行った国際会議。ナポレオン退位から5か月後の1814年9月に始まり、15年6月9日の最終議定書調印によって終わった。この会議にはほとんどヨーロッパ中の君主や統治者が参集したが、実際にはオーストリア、プロイセン、ロシア、イギリスの4か国が会議の主導権をとり、主要な決定は、ことごとく大国によって行われた。 戦後処理の主眼は、復古による革命勢力の抑圧と、勢力均衡の原理による安定した国際秩序の創出に置かれた。会議の結果を要約すれば以下のとおりである。 (1)敗戦国フランスの領土削減と封じ込めを目的として、オランダにベルギーを取得せしめ、プロイセンにザクセンの5分の2その他を与えてその強化を図り、スイスの連邦形成と永世中立の要求を認めるなどフランス周辺に障壁を形成した。 (2)ドイツ諸邦については、ナポレオン戦争を通じ300余から38に減じた諸邦をそのまま認めて、勢力均衡の見地から緩い「連邦」の形での「中欧に強国なき」状態を持続させた。 (3)ナポレオンに対する軍事的勝利に立脚して一挙に膨張しようとするロシアを制して、クラクフを独立市、ダンツィヒをプロイセン領とするなど削減した残りのポーランド領をロシアに与えた。 (4)オーストリアについては、ベルギーの放棄を北イタリア取得で代償し、またドイツ連邦の盟主としての地位をこれに与えて、プロイセンの台頭に備えさせた。 ウィーン会議はまた、国際河川の自由航行の原則を確立したことや、外交上の制度、慣例を定めたことでも知られている。 ウィーン会議の進行はけっして順調ではなかった。当初に戦勝四大国が会議の主導権をとることで合意するや、フランスの外相タレーランが乗り込んで諸小国の不満を背景に自国の発言権を確保したり、1815年1月にはロシアの横暴を阻止するため、フランス、オーストリア、イギリスが秘密協定を結ぶなど、会議は対立に悩まされたうえ、ナポレオンが突如エルバ島を脱出(1815年2月)して「百日天下」を演ずるなど椿事(ちんじ)が出来(しゅったい)した。しかし、会議を主宰したオーストリアの宰相メッテルニヒは、ウィーンに集まった各国代表のために舞踏会を開いて機の熟するのを待ち(このため「会議は踊る。されど会議は進まず」という風刺が生まれた)、イギリス外相カースルレーも対立する要求の仲介者として活躍するなど、ヨーロッパの古典的外交の粋が発揮されたことも事実である。 [百瀬 宏] 『高坂正堯著『古典外交の成熟と崩壊』(1978・中央公論社)』 [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> 1815年のヨーロッパ 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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