Adrenogenital syndrome (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

Japanese: 副腎性器症候群(先天性副腎過形成) - ふくじんせいきしょうこうぐん(せんてんせいふくじんかけいせい)(英語表記)Adrenogenital syndrome (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia)
Adrenogenital syndrome (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

What is the disease?

Adrenal cortex ( Fukushima History ) In addition to the two hormones necessary for life, cortisol and aldosterone, small amounts of hormones with masculinizing effects (androgens) are secreted from the adrenal glands in both men and women. Adrenal virilism is a disease in which the secretion of cortisol and aldosterone is reduced while androgens are secreted in excess due to abnormalities in the functioning of the adrenal cortex.

What is the cause?

Corticosteroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol under the influence of various enzymes.

If this enzyme is congenitally absent, cortisol is not produced, and Pituitary gland ( I want to swim ) The amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted by the adrenal glands increases, causing the adrenal glands to enlarge. This is a physiological reaction in which the body tries to somehow produce glucocorticoids necessary for maintaining life. Excessive stimulation by ACTH causes the swollen and enlarged adrenal glands to secrete more androgens.

There are several types of enzymes involved in the synthesis of cortisol, and the type of enzyme that is missing determines the type of disease, and the symptoms vary slightly. Autosomal recessive ( High school student radio station ) In Japan, 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most common abnormality.

How symptoms manifest

It can occur in both sexes. In girls, clitoris ( Inscription ) The genitals become larger and the genitals take on a more masculine appearance than female. The structure of the reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes) is normal. As the child grows, the masculinization becomes more noticeable, the voice becomes deeper, and the face becomes hairy. In boys, there are no particular abnormalities at birth, but from childhood penis ( Inquiry ) The pubic area begins to develop, pubic hair appears, and the voice becomes deeper. In both boys and girls, development stops at an early age.

In the most severe cases of this disease, adrenal insufficiency occurs during the neonatal period, causing vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte (acid-base, etc.) abnormalities, and arrhythmia, and if not treated appropriately, the baby will die within a few days of birth.

Testing and diagnosis

Currently in Japan, newborn screening tests are being conducted to detect 21-hydroxylase deficiency. By measuring the levels of adrenal cortical hormones and their metabolites in urine, it is possible to estimate which enzyme is missing. In cases of the incomplete type, which has mild symptoms, a diagnosis can sometimes only be made by examining these after administering adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Treatment methods

The purpose of treatment is to supplement the insufficient cortisol and aldosterone and to restore androgen levels to normal. Corticosteroids (dexamethasone, fludrocortisone, hydrocortisone, etc.) are administered to prevent excessive secretion of ACTH from the pituitary gland. Girls with masculine external genitalia undergo plastic surgery between the ages of 1 and 3 to correct the abnormal shape.

What to do if you notice an illness

Parents whose children have this condition should be advised on how to take corticosteroids and the side effects. If the child is under a lot of stress due to injury or fever, they should inform their doctor so that the dosage can be increased. Sudden cessation of corticosteroids can lead to acute adrenal insufficiency. Those who have a family history of adrenogenital syndrome or have children with the condition are advised to seek genetic counseling.

Satoshi Sakihara

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな病気か

 副腎皮質(ふくじんひしつ)からは、コルチゾールとアルドステロンという生命の維持に必要な2種類のホルモンのほかに、男女を問わず、男性化作用のあるホルモン(アンドロゲン)もわずかに分泌されています。副腎性器症候群は、副腎皮質のはたらきの異常により、コルチゾールやアルドステロンの分泌が低下し、一方、アンドロゲンが過剰に分泌される病気です。

原因は何か

 副腎皮質ステロイドホルモンは、コレステロールからさまざまな酵素の影響を受けて合成されます。

 この酵素が先天的に欠けるとコルチゾールがつくられず、これを刺激しようと下垂体(かすいたい)から分泌される副腎皮質刺激ホルモン(ACTH)が増え、副腎が大きくなります。これは、体が生命の維持に必要な糖質コルチコイドを何とか作りだそうとする生理的な反応のためです。ACTHの過剰な刺激により、はれて大きくなった副腎からはアンドロゲンの分泌が増えます。

 コルチゾールの合成に関わる酵素は数種類あり、欠ける酵素の種類により病気のタイプが分かれ、症状も少しずつ違っています。いずれも常染色体劣性遺伝(じょうせんしょくたいれっせいいでん)による異常です。日本では、21­水酸化酵素の欠損が最も多く認められます。

症状の現れ方

 男女にかかわりなく発生します。女児の場合は陰核(いんかく)が大きくなり、性器はどちらかというと女性よりも男性的な外見になります。生殖器官(子宮、卵巣、卵管)の構造は正常です。成長するにしたがって男性化が顕著になり、声が太く、顔が毛深くなります。男児の場合は、出生時にはとくに異常はみられませんが、幼少時から陰茎(いんけい)が発育し、陰毛が生えて声が太くなります。男女児とも、早い時期に発育が停止してしまいます。

 また、この病気のなかでも重症のタイプでは、新生児期から副腎不全が発生します。嘔吐、脱水、電解質(酸・塩基など)の異常、不整脈などの症状が現れ、適切な治療をしないと生後数日で死亡してしまいます。

検査と診断

 現在日本では、21­水酸化酵素欠損症を見つけるため、新生児スクリーニング検査を行っています。尿中の副腎皮質ホルモンと、その代謝物質を測定することで、どの酵素が欠けたのか推定することができます。症状の軽い不完全型の場合は、副腎皮質刺激ホルモンの負荷後にこれらを調べることで、ようやく診断できることもあります。

治療の方法

 治療の目的は、不足したコルチゾールやアルドステロンを補い、アンドロゲンの値を正常にもどすことです。下垂体からのACTHが出すぎないように、副腎皮質ステロイド薬(デキサメサゾン、フルドロコルチゾン、ヒドロコルチゾンなど)の補充を行います。女児で外性器が男性的なものは1~3歳の間に形成手術を行って、形状の異常を矯正します。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 子どもがこの病気をもつ両親は、副腎皮質ステロイド薬ののみ方と副作用について説明を受けてください。けがや発熱で強いストレスを受けた時は医師に報告し、薬の量を増やしてもらいます。副腎皮質ステロイド薬の服用を突然やめると、急性副腎不全を起こします。なお、家系に副腎性器症候群の遺伝がある人、または副腎性器症候群の子どもをもつ人は、遺伝相談を受けることをすすめます。

崎原 哲

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

<<:  Fukujinzuke - Fukujinzuke

>>:  Faith in the God of Fortune

Recommend

Guizhou [province]

A province in southwest China. Its capital is Guiy...

Goodyera repens (English spelling) Goodyerarepens

… [Ken Inoue]. … *Some of the terminology that me...

Marine Snow - Marine Snow (English spelling)

It is also called sea snow. When the light of a s...

Manhattan [District] - Manhattan

The central borough of New York City in the United...

Saarvertrag

...At this meeting, the Saarland was signed, whic...

Okuyugawara

...Yugawara began to develop rapidly after the op...

Buyer - Buy

A person who is employed in the business of purcha...

Dogo [Hot Spring] - Dogo

A hot spring in Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture. Weak ...

Caprellidea

…They are classified into four suborders: Gammari...

Molasses Act

The British Parliament passed an act in December 1...

Lopa people (Luoba people) - Luoba people (English spelling)

An ethnic minority living in the border area betwe...

Solo Rate

The custom of marrying a sister in place of a dece...

Agricultural crisis (English spelling)

The phenomenon of agricultural depression is a re...

Sanpo Tousou

A mathematics book from the late Ming Dynasty in C...

Marcabru

… The troubadours may be divided into the followi...