Fourier, Joseph

Japanese: フーリエ(英語表記)Fourier, Joseph
Fourier, Joseph
Born: March 21, 1768, Ozer
[Died] May 16, 1830. French mathematician and physicist. Full name Jean-Baptiste-Joseph, Baron Fourier. He first studied at a local military school. He was one of the first students at the École Normale Supérieure (Higher Normal School) founded in 1794, and became a teacher there the following year. He joined the lecturers at the École Polytechnique when it opened in 1795, and became friends with Gaspard Monge and others. In 1798, he accompanied Napoleon on his Egyptian campaign, serving as governor, advising on engineering, and devoting himself to Egyptology. In 1801, he returned to France and was appointed prefect of the Isère, a position he held until 1814. In 1815, he was appointed director of statistics for the Seine. His main work was the study of thermal conductivity, which he began in 1807 and completed in 1822. He showed that heat conduction in solids can be expressed as an infinite series (→ Fourier series), which had a great influence on 19th century physics and mathematics and the study of functions of real variables. He also conducted research on dimensional analysis and the greenhouse effect. He was a baron (1809), a member of the Academie des Sciences (1816), the Academie Française (1827), and the Academie de Medicine (1827). His main work was "Analytical Theory of Heat" (1822).

Fourier
Fourier, (François-Marie-) Charles

Born: April 7, 1772, Doubs, Besançon
Died October 10, 1837. A French utopian socialist from Paris. He worked as a broker while educating himself through newspapers and magazines. In 1808 he wrote his major work, The Theory of Four Movements (Théorie des quatre mouvements et des destinées generales), in which he described an ideal society. As a thorough social critic, he influenced early Marxists, and attempts were made to realize his theories in France during the February Revolution and other places. His unique socialism, which envisioned a society in which the individual is fulfilled, rather than one in which society regulates the individual, provided pioneering insights into important issues of 20th century society, such as social security, division of labor, women's liberation, and alienation.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1768.3.21. オーゼール
[没]1830.5.16. パリ
フランスの数学者,物理学者。フルネーム Jean-Baptiste-Joseph, Baron Fourier。初め地方の陸軍学校に入学。1794年に創設されたエコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール(高等師範学校)の第1期生となり,翌年同校の教師となる。1795年にエコール・ポリテクニクが開設されたので講師陣に加わり,ガスパール・モンジュらと親交を結ぶ。1798年にナポレオンのエジプト遠征に従い,司政官となり,工学上の助言を行ない,またエジプト学に専念した。1801年にフランスに帰り,イゼールの知事に任命され,1814年までその地位にあった。1815年セーヌの統計局長に任命された。おもな業績は熱伝導率の研究で,1807年に着手し,1822年に完成した。彼は固体中の熱伝導が無限級数(→フーリエ級数)で表されることを示し,19世紀の物理数学および実変数の関数の研究に大きな影響を与えた。また,次元解析や温室効果に関する研究もある。男爵(1809),科学アカデミー会員(1816),アカデミー・フランセーズ会員(1827),医学アカデミー会員(1827)。主著『熱の解析理論』(1822)。

フーリエ
Fourier, (François-Marie-) Charles

[生]1772.4.7. ドゥー,ブザンソン
[没]1837.10.10. パリ
フランスの空想的社会主義者。仲買人をしながら新聞,雑誌などによって独学。 1808年主著『四運動の理論』 Théorie des quatre mouvements et des destinées généralesを著わし理想社会を描いた。徹底した社会批評家として初期マルクス主義者に影響を与え,二月革命期のフランスなどでその理論の実現が企てられた。社会が個人を規制するのではなく,個人が満たされる社会を構想した独特の社会主義のなかに,社会保障,分業,女性解放,疎外など 20世紀社会の重要問題の先駆的洞察がみられる。

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