Boulanger Incident - Boulanger Incident

Japanese: ブーランジェ事件 - ぶーらんじぇじけん
Boulanger Incident - Boulanger Incident

An anti-parliamentary social movement in France in the late 1880s that was led by General Boulanger.

The conservative republican line that led the Third Republic in the 1880s was called opportunism, and although they were loyal to the interests of big banking capital, they did not make sufficient efforts towards republican reforms. Moreover, the recession that began in 1882 led to an increase in unemployment, and public discontent was building up. It was under these circumstances that Boulanger became Minister of War, and he was welcomed by workers for his sympathy with the miners during the coal miners' strike, and he was instantly hailed as a national hero for his democratization of the military and his hardline stance in the Franco-German border conflict.

His popular popularity fueled the anti-German fervor that had been widespread among the people since France's defeat in the war with Prussia (French-Prussian War, 1870-71), and was in direct opposition to the foreign policy of the Oportunists such as Ferry, who had been weak-kneed in the face of Bismarck's diplomacy. Therefore, when he was replaced as Minister of War in 1887 and demoted to a local military commander, a mass movement against this measure erupted in Paris, and Boulanger suddenly became a symbolic figure who united the various anti-Oportunist currents. In other words, radical factions from both the left and right, including the far-left Blanqui faction, the "Patriot League" led by Paul Déroulède (1846-1914), the Bonapartists, and the right-wing royalists, supported Boulanger and launched spectacular street campaigns under the banner of "dissolving the parliament and amending the constitution."

In 1888, with the rise of these extraparliamentary popular movements as a backdrop, Boulanger won successive by-elections in various regions, stirring up public opinion by accumulating a kind of referendum-like campaign, just as Napoleon III had done. On the night of his landslide victory over the unified parliamentary republican candidate in the Paris by-elections in January of the following year, "Boulangisme" reached its climax, and the capital was literally enveloped in the excitement of the eve of a coup. However, at this crucial moment, he made a blunder by hesitating to march to the Élysée Palace as urged by his supporters. Fearing prosecution by the government, which had instead launched a counterattack, he fled to Belgium (February 1889), and was sentenced to lifelong exile in absentia (August of the same year), bringing an end to Boulangisme.

Boulangisme shared with Bonapartisme, which emerged during the reign of Napoleon III, that it relied on extra-parliamentary popular movements, advocated anti-parliamentaryism and referendum-based democracy, and united factions of both the left and right. However, it differed from Bonapartisme in that its support base was almost entirely limited to large cities and the northern industrial regions, and it had a strong urban radical movement color. As a result, it was unable to penetrate the rural areas, the backbone of the Third Republic, and instead ended up encouraging the reorganization and strengthening of the republic through the parliamentary union of the Oportunists and the radical republicans. The enthusiasm of this popular movement was inherited by the rise of socialism and syndicalism in the 1890s, and by right-wing nationalism, and flared up again at the end of the century with the Dreyfus Affair.

[Minoru Tanikawa]

"The Tragedy of General Boulanger, by Jiro Osaragi (1971, Asahi Shimbun)" "French Political History, Vol. 1, by Yasuo Nakagi (1975, Miraisha)"

[Reference items] | Third Republic | Dreyfus Affair

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1880年代後半のフランスにおいて、ブーランジェ将軍を中心に引き起こされた反議会主義的社会運動。

 1880年代の第三共和政をリードしていた保守的共和派の路線は、オポルチュニスム(日和見(ひよりみ)主義)とよばれ、大銀行資本の利害には忠実であったが、共和主義的改革への取り組みは十分でなかった。しかも、82年以降の不況で失業者が増大するなど、大衆の不満が鬱積(うっせき)していた。このような状況のもとで陸相となったブーランジェは、炭坑ストで坑夫に共感を示して労働者に歓迎され、さらには兵制の民主化や独仏国境紛争での強硬姿勢によって、一躍国民的英雄ともてはやされた。

 彼の大衆的人気は、プロイセンとの戦争(プロイセン・フランス戦争、1870~71)に敗れて以後国民の間に広く存在した対独復讐(ふくしゅう)熱をあおるものであり、ビスマルク外交の前に弱腰なフェリーらオポルチュニストの対外政策ともまっこうから対立するものであった。そのため、87年に彼が陸相を更迭され、地方の軍司令官への左遷が決定されると、パリではこの措置に反対する大衆運動が爆発し、ブーランジェはにわかに反オポルチュニスム諸潮流を糾合するシンボル的存在となった。すなわち、極左のブランキ派、デルレードPaul Déroulède(1846―1914)の率いる「愛国者同盟」、さらにはボナパルト派から右翼王党派に至るまで、左右の急進的諸派がブーランジェを担ぎ出し、「議会解散、憲法改正」を旗印に華々しい街頭キャンペーンを展開した。

 1888年に入ると、このような議会外大衆運動の盛り上がりを背景に、ブーランジェは各地の補欠選挙に次々と勝利を収め、かつてナポレオン3世が行ったように一種の人民投票的運動の積み重ねによって世論をあおった。翌年1月のパリの補選で、議会主義共和派の統一候補に圧勝した夜、「ブーランジスム」は最高潮に達し、首都は文字どおりクーデター前夜の熱気に包まれた。だが、彼はこの決定的瞬間に支持者の促すエリゼ宮への進撃を逡巡(しゅんじゅん)するという失態を演じた。逆に反撃に転じた政府の訴追を恐れてベルギーに逃亡(1889年2月)、欠席裁判で無期国外追放の処分(同年8月)を受けてブーランジスムは終息する。

 ブーランジスムは、議会外民衆運動に依拠して反議会主義、人民投票型民主主義を標榜(ひょうぼう)し、左右の諸派を糾合した点で、ナポレオン3世時代に現れたボナパルティスムと共通している。しかし、その支持基盤が大都市と北部工業地帯にほぼ限定され、都市急進運動の色彩が濃厚であった点で、後者と異なっている。そのため、第三共和政の支柱である農村に浸透することができず、かえってオポルチュニストと急進共和派との議会主義的結合による共和制の再編強化を促す結果となった。この民衆運動の熱気は、1890年代に入ると、社会主義とサンジカリスムの興隆、および右翼ナショナリズムに継承され、世紀末には、ドレフュス事件においてふたたび燃え上がることになる。

[谷川 稔]

『大仏次郎著『ブーランジェ将軍の悲劇』(1971・朝日新聞社)』『中木康夫著『フランス政治史 上』(1975・未来社)』

[参照項目] | 第三共和政 | ドレフュス事件

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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