A religious order founded by Francis of Assisi in 1209. Its official name is the "Sisters of Friars Minor." It was originally founded by 11 comrades who gathered around Francis, but the basic philosophy of the order is to follow the life of the poor Christ, live the Gospel faithfully like the apostles, swear obedience to the Pope, and preach conversion to God. In particular, following the life of the poor Christ, the order and individuals renounced all ownership rights, made a living by handiwork in extreme poverty, and relied on donations from others for what they lacked, which is why they are also called "mendicant orders." They were content with simple clothing, did not accept money, set up small monasteries in the city, and traveled around the country spreading the Gospel. They also made an effort to evangelize to non-Christians. After the death of Francis, the number of members exceeded 30,000 within a century. In the mid-13th century, the order began to take on a more priestly character, and in the academic field it produced scholars such as Antonio of Padua in Bologna and Bonaventure in Paris, and Robert Grosset, Roger Bacon, Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham in Oxford, who built the foundations of British empiricism. After that, many reformists were born to renew the order itself, and these are broadly divided into three groups: the Order of Friars Minor, the Order of Conventuals, and the Order of Capuchin. At the time of the Reformation, the number of members was over 50,000, and by the mid-18th century, it had exceeded 130,000. In 1593 (Bunroku 2), Pedro Baptista came to Japan, and by the mid-17th century, over 60 people had been engaged in missionary work, with almost half of them being martyred. As of 1986, the First Order had 20,094 members in the "Sisters of Friars Minor," 4,091 in the "Conventional Order," and 11,879 in the "Capuchin Order," while the Second Order had 16,780 members in the "Poor Poor Clares," the Third Order had about 1,000 members in the "Ritual Order," 177,000 members in the "Secular Order," and 2.2 million members in the "Self-respecting Order." In Japan, the three First Order sects have joined together to form a group of about 300 active members. [Kengo Ishii] "The Genealogy of Franciscanism" by Kengo Ishii (1979, Chuo Publishing, Franciscan Series) [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1209年、アッシジのフランチェスコによって創立された修道会。正式の名称は「小さき兄弟会」。当初はフランチェスコのもとに集まった11人の同志によって発足したが、この会の基本理念は、貧しいキリストの生涯を手本に、その福音(ふくいん)を使徒と同様に忠実に生き、ローマ教皇に従順を誓って、人々に神への回心を説くことにある。とくに貧しいキリストの生き方に倣って、会として個人としていっさいの所有権を放棄し、極貧のうちに手仕事で生計をたて、足りないところを人々の施与に頼ったところから、「托鉢(たくはつ)修道会」ともよばれる。粗衣に甘んじ、金銭を受け取らず、市井に小さな修道院を構え、諸国を行脚(あんぎゃ)しながら福音を伝えた。また、非キリスト教徒への伝道にも力を注いだ。 フランチェスコの死後、会員数は1世紀間に3万を超えた。13世紀なかばに司祭修道会としての性格を強く打ち出すと同時に、学問の分野でもボローニャでパドバのアントニオ、パリでボナベントゥラの学者を輩出、オックスフォードではロバート・グロステートやロジャー・ベーコン、ドゥンス・スコトゥス、ウィリアム・オッカムなどが出て、イギリス経験主義哲学の基礎を築いた。その後、会自体の刷新を図って多数の改革派が誕生したが、これらは「小さき兄弟会」「同コンベンツァル会」「同カプチン会」の三派に大別される。宗教改革時にも5万余の会員を数え、18世紀なかばには13万を超えた。1593年(文禄2)にはペドロ・バプチスタがわが国にも来朝、17世紀なかばまでに六十余名が伝道に従事し、そのほぼ半数が殉教(じゅんきょう)した。 1986年現在の会員数は、第一会の場合、「小さき兄弟会」が2万0094、「同コンベンツァル会」が4091、「同カプチン会」が1万1879を数え、第二会の「クララ会」が1万6780、第三会の「律修会」は約1000、「同修道女会」は17万7000、「在世会」は220万となっている。なお日本でも、第一会が三派合同して約300人が活動している。 [石井健吾] 『石井健吾著『フランシスカニズムの系譜』(1979・中央出版社・フランシスコ会叢書)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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