A language that can be called a Middle Indo-Aryan language, Prakrit is a general term for the colloquial dialects that remain in documents, as opposed to Sanskrit as a written language. Its origins date back to the Vedic period, but the Prakrit we know today is not necessarily a direct copy of the slang of the time, but rather has been modified to a certain extent to become a kind of written language. It can be seen in the inscriptions of King Ashoka as far back as ancient times, and several dialectal distinctions can already be recognized. The Pali language of early Buddhist scriptures and the Ardhamagadhi language of Jainism are also Prakrit. In classical plays, characters other than kings and Brahmins use Prakrit. However, it was common in plays to use Shaurasini for conversation, Maharashtri for poetry, and Magadhi for lowly people. In comparison with Sanskrit, phonologically, the loss and strengthening of consonants and grammatically, the decline of dual numbers and middle voice are noticeable. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
中期インド=アーリア語ともいうべき言語で,文章語としてのサンスクリット語に対して,文献上に残された口語方言の総称。その起源はベーダ時代までさかのぼるが,現今知られているプラークリット語は必ずしも当時の俗語をそのまま伝えているものではなく,ある程度に修飾固定されて一種の文章語となったもの。古くはアショーカ王碑文にみられ,すでに数種の方言的区別が認められる。初期仏教経典のパーリ語,ジャイナ教のアルダマーガディー語もプラークリット語である。また古典劇においても,王やバラモンを除く他の登場人物は,プラークリット語を使用する。しかし,会話にはシャウラセーニー語,詩句にはマーハーラーシュトリー語,卑賤の者はマーガディー語を用いる場合が演劇では一般であった。サンスクリット語と対比すると,音韻的には子音の脱落や強化,文法的には双数や中動態の衰退などが目立つ。
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