Brown, Robert

Japanese: ブラウン(英語表記)Brown, Robert
Brown, Robert
Born December 21, 1773. Montrose, Angus
[Died] June 10, 1858, London Scottish botanist. After studying medicine in Edinburgh, he became a military surgeon and served in Ireland. In 1798, he visited London and made the acquaintance of J. Banks, then president of the Royal Society. At his recommendation, he joined the Australian Expedition (1801-05) and collected about 4,000 species of plants. After returning home, he classified them and wrote Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae (10). He also showed that the shape of pollen provides a clue to classifying plants. In 1810, he became a librarian in Banks' private library, and in 1820, he was bequeathed Banks' plant collection. In 1827, he became the keeper of the newly established botanical department at the British Museum, and moved Banks' collection there. In the same year, while observing flower fertilization under a microscope, he noticed that small particles emitted from pollen grains floating on the water surface exhibited violent vibrational motion, and he further discovered that small pollen grains and even tiny particles of inorganic matter taken from plant specimens collected 100 years ago exhibited the same motion on the water surface. This phenomenon was subsequently studied in physics and is known today as Brownian motion. In 1831, while studying orchid fertilization, he noticed the presence of a specific structure inside the cell, which he named the nucleus. This discovery increased biologists' interest in the internal structure of cells and became one of the cornerstones of the rise of cytology.

Brown
Brown, George

Born: November 29, 1818, Edinburgh
[Died] May 9, 1880, Toronto Canadian politician. He emigrated to New York in 1837, and moved to Toronto in 1843. In 1844, he founded the weekly newspaper The Globe (later a daily newspaper). In the paper, he advocated liberal views, separation of church and state, attacked the influence of the Catholic Church, and proposed parliamentary reform based on a system of "representation by population" rather than a system of regional representation for the United Canadian Provincial Assembly of Eastern and Western Canada. Although he was viewed with hostility in Eastern Canada (present-day Quebec), he gained overwhelming support from farmers in Western Canada (present-day Ontario), especially the Clear Grit, and the Globe achieved a period of popularity and influence that marked a turning point in the history of Canadian journalism. He was elected to the United Canadian Provincial House of Commons in 1851 as a representative of the reformists in Western Canada, and in August 1858, he formed a government with A. Dorion for only two days. Although he supported the union of the colonies in North America in principle, he was unable to work with the conservative JA MacDonald. However, his inclusion in the "Grand Coalition Cabinet" in June 1964 together with MacDonald led to the realization of Confederation.

Brown
Brown, Gordon

Born February 20, 1951. Glasgow. British politician. Prime Minister (in office 2007-10). Full name James Gordon Brown. At the age of 16, he entered the University of Edinburgh on a scholarship and graduated in 1972. After working as a university lecturer and a reporter and editor for Scottish Television, he was first elected to the House of Commons in 1983. He formed a friendship with Tony Blair and led the reform of the Labour Party's political ideology, shifting the party's traditional line of realizing national socialism to a more realistic line of coexistence with the market economy. After the Labour Party won a landslide victory in the 1997 general election, he became Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Blair administration. He implemented reforms such as transferring the power to decide policy interest rates to the Bank of England, and achieved relatively stable growth of the British economy during his ten-year term. After Blair's resignation, he was elected leader of the Labour Party without a vote in 2007 and became Prime Minister. Following the global financial crisis in 2008, he demonstrated international leadership, but was unable to overcome his unpopularity at home, and the Labour Party suffered a crushing defeat in the general election in May 2010. Taking responsibility for losing its number one position for the first time in 13 years, he resigned as party leader and also as Prime Minister.

Brown
Browne, Sir Thomas

Born: October 19, 1605, London
Died October 19, 1682. Norwich, Norfolk. British physician. One of the greatest masters of prose of his time. He studied classics at Oxford University and medicine at the universities of Montpellier, Padua, and Leiden. After returning to England, he settled in Norwich and wrote Religio Medici (The Religion of Physicians). This book is a personal memoir that strangely combines mystical faith with a skeptical and empirical scientific spirit, but as it was circulated in manuscript form, it was published without permission (1642), so he published the definitive edition himself the following year. His Pseudoxia Epidemica (46) was also well received, but his Latin style was perfected in his Hydriotaphia, Urne-Buriall, and The Garden of Cyrus (both 58). The former is a meditation on the transience of death and human fame while discussing funeral rites in general in relation to an excavated Roman urn, and the latter traces the history of horticulture from the Garden of Eden.

Brown
Brown, James

Born: May 3, 1933 in Barnwell, South Carolina
[Died] December 25, 2006. Atlanta, Georgia. American singer and composer. One of the most influential figures in the 20th century pop music world, Brown was called "the hardest worker in show business" and "the Godfather of Soul." At the age of 15, he was arrested for theft and sent to a reformatory, where he formed a gospel group with his friends. After his release, he was discovered by rock singer Little Richard and began his musical career. His first single, "Please, Please, Please" (1956), became his breakthrough, eventually selling 3 million copies. He had about 100 singles that made it onto the hit charts, and nearly 50 albums. In the 1960s, he wrote a series of message songs aimed at improving the status of black people against the backdrop of the civil rights movement. His songs such as "Cold Sweat" (1967) sparked the dance boom. With the spread of hip-hop in the 1980s, Brown's songs were once again in the spotlight. In 1986, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Brown
Brown, Henry Kirke

Born: February 24, 1814, Leiden, Massachusetts
[Died] July 10, 1886. Newburgh, New York. Henry Kirk Brown. American sculptor. Famous for the "Washington Equestrian Statue" in Union Square, New York. After studying in Boston for three years, he moved to Cincinnati, where he completed his first marble bust in 1837. After moving to Albany, New York in 1840, he studied in Italy for four years from 1842, learning neoclassical sculpture. After returning to the United States in 1846, he began work on the "Washington Equestrian Statue." The work was unveiled on Independence Day, July 4, 1856. He created many equestrian statues, including the "Abramell" (Lincoln Square) and the "Resurrected Angel" (Brooklyn). His nephew, Henry Kirk Bush-Brown (1857-1935), was also a sculptor, known for "The Buffalo Hunt" and busts of General Meade and General Reynolds at Gettysburg.

Brown
Brown, Lancelot

Born 1716. Kirkhar
Died: February 6, 1783, London, England. A leading figure in 18th-century naturalistic landscaping. Commonly known as Capability Brown. In 1740, he became the gardener for Lord Cobham of Stowe, and while working on naturalistic gardens under W. Kent, he developed his own style while following Kent's non-formal landscaping. His style is characterized by a mellowness, smooth, continuous change, and tranquility, created by scattering large elements such as meandering lakes and streams, groves of trees, and woodlands on a large scale. He also repositioned buildings as design elements on an equal footing with the landscaping, rather than treating them as central elements as had been the case in the past, and built many Palladian-style buildings with his disciple H. Holland, so that they would be placed in a "picturesque" manner and be viewed as objects in the landscape. Examples of this are Croome Court (1751-52) and Claremont House (1769-72). There are nearly 200 examples of gardens, including Doddington Park (64), Blenheim Palace Gardens (63), and Ashburnham (67).

Brown
Braun, Wernher von

Born: March 23, 1912, Wilsitz
[Died] June 16, 1977. Alexandria, Virginia. Born in Germany to a wealthy aristocratic family, he worked as an assistant to H. Oberth, one of the leading figures in aerospace engineering, while studying at the Technical University of Berlin in 1930. He entered the University of Berlin in 1932 and obtained his doctorate in rocket engine research in 1934. He continued his rocket research with support from the military, and at the end of World War II, he completed the world's first ballistic missile, the V-2. After the war, he became an American citizen (1955) and continued his rocket research at the U.S. Army research laboratory. It was thanks to the efforts of his group that the United States, which had been overtaken by the Soviet Union with the launch of Sputnik, was finally able to save face with the launch of the Explorer. He later held a key position at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), where he worked on the Apollo program and led the development of the Saturn rocket, which successfully sent humans to the moon. In 1972, he retired from NASA and became a senior executive in technology development at Fairchild.

Brown
Brown, Peter

[Born] Around 1665
[Died] 1735
English philosopher. Entered Trinity College (1682), Fellow (1692), and Headmaster (1699). Warden of Coke and Ross (1710). He first became famous for his criticism of J. Toland's Christianity not Mysterious (1696), but later criticized Locke's idealism and argued that we know spiritual things by analogy with material things, leading to a debate with Berkeley. His major works include Procedure, Extent and Limits of the Human Understanding (1728) and Things Divine and Supernatural Conceived by Analogy with Things Natural and Human (33).

Brown
Brown, Herbert Charles

Born: May 22, 1912, London, England
[Died] December 19, 2004 Lafayette, Indiana, United States American organic chemist. Moved to the United States at the age of two. Graduated from the University of Chicago in 1936 and became an assistant professor there. Obtained his doctorate in 1938. Became an assistant professor at Wayne University in 1939, and was a professor at Purdue University from 1947 to 1978. During his time as an assistant professor at Chicago, he studied boron and developed a simple and high-yield synthesis method for the boron compound diborane, and discovered sodium borohydride, a versatile reducing reagent. In 1955, he synthesized an organoboron compound by reacting diborane with an organic compound containing a carbon double bond, and developed a series of new synthetic reactions, contributing to the development of organic chemistry. For these achievements, he received the Nichols Medal of the American Chemical Society in 1959, and shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1979 with Georg Wittig.

Brown
Brown, Michael S.

Born April 13, 1941 in New York, New York. Molecular geneticist. Full name Michael Stuart Brown. Graduated from the University of Pennsylvania (1962) and received his MD from the same university (1966). He met Joseph L. Goldstein at Massachusetts General Hospital, and together they joined the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (1968). Invited to the University of Texas Medical Branch (1971), he became a professor there in 1977 and director of the Center for Genetic Disease Research. He studied the genetic differences between patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and the general population. He discovered that the cause was a defect in the gene that creates a receptor that takes up low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the blood, which contain cholesterol, into cells, and elucidated the mechanism of cholesterol metabolism. Together with Goldstein, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985.

Brown
Brown, Francis

Born December 26, 1849 in Hanover, New Hampshire
Died October 16, 1916. Pastor of the Union Church in New York, USA, educator, and Semitic linguist. His father was SG Brown (13-85), president of Hamilton College (1867-81), and his grandfather was F. Brown (1784-1820), president of Hamilton College at the time of the Dartmouth College Incident. After graduating from Dartmouth College and Union Theological Seminary, he studied in Berlin. In 1879, he became a lecturer in biblical linguistics at Union Theological Seminary, an associate professor in 1881, a professor of Hebrew in 1890, and president in 1908. He received honorary degrees from universities in the UK and the US for his achievements in linguistics and lexicology. His main work is Assyrilogy; its Use and Abuse in old Testament Study (85).

Brown
Brown, John

Born: May 9, 1800, Torrington, Connecticut
[Died] December 2, 1859. Charlestown, Virginia. American abolitionist. Realizing his destiny as an abolitionist, in 1855 he and his four sons entered Kansas, where a dispute arose over whether to make Kansas a slave state or a free state, and carried out guerilla activities. In May of the following year, he massacred five pro-slavery activists in Pottawatomie (→ Pottawatomie Massacre). After being driven out of Kansas, he enlisted the support of abolitionists in the East and planned to build a base for free blacks and fugitive slaves in the mountains of Virginia and Maryland. As part of this, he started the "Brown Uprising" in October 1859, attacked the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, was arrested, and hanged in December of the same year. After his death, he was revered as a martyr and hero of the abolitionist movement by anti-slavery groups in the North.

Brown
Brown, Jim

Born February 17, 1936 in St. Simons, Georgia. American football player. Real name James Nathaniel Brown. Known as the greatest running back in NFL history. While attending Syracuse University, he played for the All-American team in football and lacrosse. He was later inducted into the Hall of Fame in both sports. From 1957 to 1965, he played for the Cleveland Browns and set records for rushing yards and total yards gained. These records remained until they were broken by Walter Payton in 1984. He also won the leading rusher title eight times in nine seasons. He also holds the record for average yards gained per carry (5.22 yards). After retiring at the age of 30, he became a movie actor.

Brown
Brown, Charles Brockden

Born January 17, 1771 in Philadelphia
[Died] February 22, 1810. Philadelphia. American author. Known as the "father of the American novel." He started out as a lawyer, but his natural romantic temperament led him to turn to writing. He published translations and political treatises while working as a magazine editor. Influenced by W. Godwin, he published a succession of horror novels that skillfully depicted the abnormal psychology of humans, modelled on English Gothic novels, becoming the forerunner of Poe and Hawthorne. His main works include Wieland (1798), Ormond (1799), Edgar Huntly (1799), and Arthur Mervyn (1799-1800).

Brown
Brown, George Alfred

Born: September 2, 1914, London
[Died] June 2, 1985. British politician from Cornwall. Born the son of a truck driver, he participated in the trade union movement and later became a powerful figure in the Labour Party. He was a member of the House of Commons in 1945, joined the cabinet as Minister for Public Works in 1951, and served as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1960 to 1970. He was Economy Minister in the Labour cabinet under H. Wilson in 1964, and Foreign Secretary in August 1966. He was an enthusiastic promoter of the European integration movement, and while serving as Foreign Secretary he visited the six member states of the European Community, and in 1967 submitted an application for Britain's second EC membership. He resigned in March 1968 after clashing with Prime Minister Wilson. He lost the general election in June 1970, and was appointed to the House of Lords. He changed his surname to George-Brown in the same year.

Brown
Brown, Ernest William

Born: November 29, 1866. Hull
[Died] July 22, 1938. New Haven, Connecticut. American astronomer. Graduated from Cambridge University. Moved to the United States in 1891, and later became a professor at Haverford College (1893) and Yale University (1907). He studied the theory of lunar motion as a three-body problem, and in 1919 completed a lunar position table that was five times more detailed than had been previously published. He also studied the interactions of the Trojan planets, and the gravitational effect of Pluto on Uranus and Neptune. He was a member of the Royal Society (1897) and awarded the Society's Royal Medal in 1898. He was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences (23), and was awarded the Academy's Watson Medal in 1937.

Brown
Brown, John

Born: 1735. Buncle, Scotland
[Died] October 17, 1788. London. British physician. He argued that all illnesses are caused by an excess or deficiency of the body's reaction (excitability) to external stimuli, and that there are only two ways to treat them: sedation and excitement. He served as president of the Royal College of Physicians twice, but his theory was widely opposed, and he himself became a victim of his own theory by taking too much of two drugs, opium and alcohol, while in debt and poverty, which hastened his death. However, Brown's theory, which viewed vital phenomena as reactions to stimuli and located them in muscles and nerves, had a great influence on the medical world thereafter.

Brown
Braun, Karl Ferdinand

Born: June 6, 1850 in Fulda, Hesse
Died April 20, 1918. New York. German physicist. Studied at the Universities of Marburg and Berlin, receiving his doctorate in 1872. After graduating from the Universities of Würzburg and Marburg, he became a professor at the University of Tübingen (1885) and the University of Strasbourg (1895). After studying thermodynamics, he discovered a crystal with rectifying properties in 1874, and invented the cathode ray tube in 1897. In 1909, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics along with G. Marconi. He visited America during World War I, and died in captivity after America entered the war.

Brown
Braun, Felix

Born: November 4, 1885 in Vienna
[Died] November 29, 1973, Klosterneuburg. Austrian poet and novelist. Influenced by Hofmannsthal, he began as an impressionist poet. In addition to collections of poems such as Das neue Leben (1913), he also wrote the novel Agnes Altkirchner (27), which symbolically depicts Austria in the 1910s, and a verse drama. He went into exile in London in 1939. He is considered the leading figure in Austrian poetry after Werfel.

Brown
Brown, Samuel Robbins

Born: June 16, 1810.
[Died] June 20, 1880.
An American Dutch Reformed missionary. After evangelizing in Macau (1839-47), he came to Japan and opened an English school in Yokohama where he taught English. He published Colloquial Japanese (63). He returned to Japan briefly and came back in 1869 to teach English at the Shubunkan in Yokohama. He also taught theology to Honda Yoichi, Uemura Masahisa, Ibuka Kajinosuke, and Oshikawa Masayoshi, who all became leaders of the Japanese church. He also contributed to the translation of the New Testament into Japanese.

Brown
Brown, Alexander

Born: 17 November 1764, Balimina
[Died] April 3, 1834. Baltimore. Irish-born American businessman. He emigrated to America in 1800 and became an importer of Irish linen. He established Alexander Brown & Sons, America's oldest trading and banking company, and his four sons also became partners, opening branches all over the world. He also participated in the establishment of the railroad company, the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road. He was one of America's first millionaires.

Brown
Brown, John Mason

Born July 3, 1900 in Louisville, Kentucky
[Died] March 16, 1969. New York. American theater critic. Graduated from Harvard University. Wrote theater reviews for the New York Evening Post (1929-41) and Saturday Literary Review (1944-55), among others. His major works include Two on the Aisle (38), Broadway in Review (40), and Seeing Things (46).

Brown
Brown, Olympia

Born January 5, 1835 in Prairie Ronde, Michigan
Died October 23, 1926, Baltimore, Maryland. American woman rights advocate. Ordained as a minister of the Universalist Church in 1863, she became the first female minister in the United States. In 1866, she met Susan B. Anthony, and fought for women's suffrage. She kept her maiden name even after her marriage in 1873. She served as president of the Wisconsin Woman Suffrage Association for 30 years from 1887.

Brown
Brown, Nathan

Born: June 22, 1807.
[Died] January 1, 1886. Yokohama. American Baptist missionary. While carrying out missionary work in Burma and Assam, he translated the New Testament into Assamese (1848). After returning to the United States, he devoted himself to the abolitionist movement. Later, he came to Japan with J. Goble (73) and founded the Yokohama Baptist Church. He became a member of the New Testament translation committee, but had differences of opinion with other missionaries over the translation, and completed the first Japanese translation of the New Testament on his own (79).

Brown
Brown, Hubert Gerald (Rap)

Born October 4, 1943, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A leader in the black movement in the United States. While attending Southern University, he joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and was active in the civil rights movement. In 1967, he succeeded Stokely Carmichael as chairman of SNCC, and led the black struggle in an even more radical direction, openly advocating the need for violence. After being arrested several times, he went into exile. His book was "Die, Nigger, Die!" (1969).

Brown
Brown, Ford Madox

[Born] 1821.4.16. Curry
[Died] October 6, 1893, London. British painter. After studying in Belgium and France, he settled in London and became involved with the Pre-Raphaelite group. He painted historical and religious paintings with bright colors and realistic techniques, and also illustrated books. He also produced stained glass. His major works include the masterpiece "Labour" (1852-63, Manchester Art Gallery), which took him more than ten years to complete, and the 12 murals for Manchester City Hall.

Brown
Brown, Thomas

Born January 9, 1778, Karmabreck
[Died] April 2, 1820. Brompton. British philosopher. Belonged to the Scottish School (→ Common Sense Philosophy). Became a professor at the University of Edinburgh in 1810. Influenced by D. Hume, T. Reid, and E. Condillac, he contributed to the establishment of associative psychology. His main work was Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind (4 volumes, 1820).

Brown
Brown, Jacob Jennings

Born: May 9, 1775 in Bucks, Pennsylvania
[Died]24 February 1828.
American soldier. Secretary of Military Affairs to A. Hamilton from 1798 to 1800. In 1791 he was made a brigadier general in the New York State militia, and in 1892 he served on the New York frontier during the War of 1812. In 1814 he became a brigadier general in the U.S. Army, and attempted an invasion of Canada, winning victories at Chippewa and Niagara, but failing without naval support.

Brown
Brown, Alexander

Born September 5, 1843 in Glenmore, Virginia
[Died] August 25, 1906.
American historian. He lost his hearing during the Civil War and studied the history of his native Virginia colony. He rejected the traditional British-centered interpretation and emphasized the influence that the liberals within the London Company had on the development of colonial institutions. His main work is The Genesis of the United States (1890).

Brown
Browne, Elliott Martin

Born January 29, 1900, Geels, Wiltshire
[Died] April 27, 1980. London. British director. He directed many of TS Eliot's works, including the premiere of Murder in the Cathedral in Canterbury in 1935. In 1951, he also staged York's Mysteries, which had not been performed on stage since 1572, and was a central figure in the revival of modern verse drama and religious drama.

Brown
Brown, Franklin H.

[Born] 1882
[Died] 1973
A physical education director at the YMCA in the United States who introduced volleyball and basketball to Japan and worked to popularize them. He visited Japan in 1913 at the invitation of the Tokyo YMCA and introduced volleyball and basketball to those involved. He is known as a mentor in the sports world in Japan and the Far East.

Brown
Brown, Henry Billings

Born: March 2, 1836, Southley
[Died] September 4, 1913, Bronxville. American lawyer. Renowned as an authority on maritime law. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1890 to 1906.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1773.12.21. アンガス,モントローズ
[没]1858.6.10. ロンドン
スコットランドの植物学者。エディンバラで医学を学んだのち,軍医となってアイルランドで服務。 1798年ロンドンを訪れ,当時ロイヤル・ソサエティの会長であった J.バンクスの知遇得た。彼のすすめでオーストラリア探検隊に参加し (1801~05) ,約 4000種の植物を採集。帰国後,それを分類して『オーストラリアの植物』 Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiaeを著わす (10) 。また,花粉の形が植物を分類するための手掛りを与えることを示した。 1810年バンクスの私設図書館の館員となり,20年彼の植物コレクションを遺贈される。 27年大英博物館に新しく設けられた植物科の管理者となり,バンクスのコレクションをそこへ移す。同年,花の受精を顕微鏡観察している最中,水面に浮んだ花粉粒から出た小粒子が激しい振動運動を行うことに気づき,さらに採集後 100年を経ている植物標本からとった花粉粒の小粒子あるいは無機物の微粒子でさえも,水面で同じように運動することを見つけた。この現象は,その後物理学の研究対象となり,今日ブラウン運動の名で知られている。 31年,ランの受精を研究中に細胞の中に特定の構造が存在することを認め,それを核と名づけた。この発見は細胞内部の構造に対する生物学者たちの関心を高める結果となり,細胞学の興隆にとって,礎石の一つとなった。

ブラウン
Brown, George

[生]1818.11.29. エディンバラ
[没]1880.5.9. トロント
カナダの政治家。 1837年ニューヨークに移住し,43年にトロントへ移った。 44年に週刊紙『グローブ』 (のちに日刊紙となる) を創刊。この紙上において自由主義的見解や政教分離の主張,カトリック教会の影響力への攻撃,カナダ東部と西部の地域代表制による連合カナダ植民地議会ではなく,「人口比代表制」による議会改革案を展開した。カナダ東部 (現ケベック州) からは敵視されたが,カナダ西部 (現オンタリオ州) の農民,特にクリア・グリットからは絶大な支持を得,『グローブ』紙はカナダのジャーナリズムの歴史に一時期を画する人気と影響力を得た。カナダ西部の改革派を代表して 51年連合カナダ植民地下院に選出され,58年8月にはわずか2日間ではあったが A.ドリオンと組んで組閣した。北アメリカにおける植民地の連合には原則的に賛成していたが,保守派の J. A.マクドナルドと協働できなかったのを,64年6月の「大連立内閣」にマクドナルドとそろって入閣したことが,コンフェデレーション実現のきっかけとなった。

ブラウン
Brown, Gordon

[生]1951.2.20. グラスゴー
イギリスの政治家。首相(在任 2007~10)。フルネーム James Gordon Brown。16歳で奨学生としてエディンバラ大学に入学し,1972年卒業。大学講師,スコティッシュ・テレビの記者兼編集者を経て 1983年下院初当選。トニー・ブレアと親交を結び,労働党の政治理念改革を主導,国家社会主義の実現という旧来の路線から,市場経済との共存を目指す現実路線への転換をはかった。1997年の総選挙で労働党が圧勝すると,ブレア政権の財務大臣に就任。政策金利の決定権をイングランド銀行に移管するなどの改革を行ない,以後 10年にわたる在任期間中のイギリス経済の比較的安定した成長を実現した。ブレア退陣後,2007年無投票で労働党党首に選出され,首相に就任。2008年に起こった世界金融危機以降は国際的リーダーシップを発揮したが,国内での不人気を覆せず,2010年5月の総選挙で労働党が惨敗。13年ぶりに第一党の座を失った責任をとって党首を辞任し,首相職も辞した。

ブラウン
Browne, Sir Thomas

[生]1605.10.19. ロンドン
[没]1682.10.19. ノーフォーク,ノリッジ
イギリスの医者。当代随一の散文の名手。オックスフォード大学で古典を修め,モンペリエ,パドバ,ライデンの各大学で医学を学んだ。帰国後ノリッジに定住,『医師の宗教』 Religio Mediciを書いた。この書は神秘主義的な信仰心と懐疑的実証的な科学精神とが奇妙に融合している個人的な手記だが,原稿のまま回覧されるうちに無断で出版 (1642) されたため,翌年みずから定本を出版した。『迷信論 (伝染性謬見) 』 Pseudoxia Epidemica (46) も好評を博したが,彼のラテン的な文体が完成されたのは『壺葬論』 Hydriotaphia,Urne-Buriall,『サイラスの庭』 The Garden of Cyrus (ともに 58) においてで,前者は発掘されたローマの骨壺に寄せて葬礼一般を論じながら,死と人間の名声のはかなさを瞑想したもの,後者はエデンの園から始る園芸の歴史を跡づけたもの。

ブラウン
Brown, James

[生]1933.5.3. サウスカロライナ,バーンウェル
[没]2006.12.25. ジョージア,アトランタ
アメリカ合衆国の歌手,作曲家。20世紀のポピュラー音楽界に最も影響を与えた一人で,「ショービジネス界一の働き者」「ソウルのゴッドファーザー」と称された。15歳のときに盗みを働いて教護院に収容され,そこで仲間とゴスペル・グループを結成。釈放後,ロック歌手のリトル・リチャードに見出され,音楽活動を始める。ファーストシングル『プリーズ,プリーズ,プリーズ』(1956)は最終的に 300万枚を売る出世作となった。ヒットチャート入りしたシングルは約 100枚,アルバムは 50枚近く。1960年代には公民権運動を背景に黒人の地位向上を目指すメッセージソングを次々と書く。『コールド・スウェット』(1967)などでダンスブームの火つけ役となった。1980年代にヒップ・ホップの広がりとともにブラウンの曲は再び脚光を浴びた。1986年ロックの殿堂入り。

ブラウン
Brown, Henry Kirke

[生]1814.2.24. マサチューセッツ,ライデン
[没]1886.7.10. ニューヨーク,ニューバーグ
ヘンリー・カーク・ブラウン。アメリカ合衆国の彫刻家。ニューヨークのユニオン・スクエアにある『ワシントン騎馬像』の作者として有名。ボストンで 3年間学んだのち,シンシナティに移り住み,その間の 1837年に初めて大理石の胸像を完成させた。1840年にニューヨーク州のオールバニに移ったのち,1842年から 4年間イタリアに遊学,新古典主義的彫刻を身につけた。1846年の帰国後は『ワシントン騎馬像』の制作に着手した。作品は 1856年7月4日の独立記念日に除幕された。多くの騎馬像を制作し,『リンカーン騎馬像』(リンカーン・スクエア),『復活の天使』(ブルックリン)などがある。甥のヘンリー・カーク・ブッシュ=ブラウン(1857~1935)も彫刻家で,『野牛狩り』,ゲティズバーグの『ミード将軍』や『レイノルズ将軍』の胸像で知られる。

ブラウン
Brown, Lancelot

[生]1716. カークハール
[没]1783.2.6. ロンドン
イギリス 18世紀の自然主義造園の主導者。通称 Capability Brown。 1740年ストウのコバム卿の庭園師となり,W.ケントのもとで自然風の作庭を行うなかから,ケントの創始した非整形式造園を踏襲しつつ独自の様式を開拓。大きなスケールのなかに蛇行する湖と細流,木立ちや樹林帯などの大要素を散在させてつくるまろやかさ,スムーズに連続する変化,静寂さを特徴とする。また,建物も従来のように中心的存在として扱うのではなく,造園と同等の設計要素として位置づけ直して,風景のなかに「ピクチャレスク」に配され眺められる対象物となるよう,弟子の H.ホランドとともにパラディオ風の建築を多く建てた。クルーム・コート (1751~52) やクレアモント・ハウス (69~72) はその例。作庭例はドディントン・パーク (64) ,ブレニム宮庭園 (63) ,アシュバーナム (67) など 200近い。

ブラウン
Braun, Wernher von

[生]1912.3.23. ウィルジッツ
[没]1977.6.16. バージニア,アレクサンドリア
ドイツ生れのロケット工学者。富裕な貴族の家に生れ,1930年ベルリン工科大学在学中から宇宙工学の大家の一人である H.オーベルトの助手をつとめた。 32年ベルリン大学入学,34年に同大学からロケットエンジンの研究で学位取得。その後,軍からの援助でロケット研究を続け,第2次世界大戦末,世界最初の弾道ミサイルV-2を完成。戦後アメリカに帰化 (1955) ,アメリカ陸軍の研究所でロケットの研究を続けた。スプートニクでソ連に先を越されたアメリカが,エクスプローラの打上げでようやく面目を保ったのは,彼のグループの努力の結果であった。その後アメリカ航空宇宙局 NASAの枢要な地位にあって,アポロ計画を手がけ,サターン・ロケットの開発を指揮し,人類を月に送り込むことに成功。 72年 NASAを退き,フェアチャイルド社の技術開発の重役に就任した。

ブラウン
Brown, Peter

[生]1665頃
[没]1735
イギリスの哲学者。トリニティ・カレッジ入学 (1682) ,同校フェロー (92) ,同校学寮長 (99) 。コークとロスの監督 (1710) 。最初は J.トーランドの『神秘ならざるキリスト教』 Christianity not Mysterious (1696) に対する批判によって有名になったが,さらにロックの観念説を批判し,われわれが精神的なものを知るのは物質的なものとの類比によってであると主張して,バークリーと論争をかわした。主著『人間悟性の所為,範囲および限界』 Procedure,Extent and Limits of the Human Understanding (1728) ,『自然的および人間的事物との類比により概念化させられる神的および超自然的事物』 Things Divine and Supernatural Conceived by Analogy with Things Natural and Human (33) 。

ブラウン
Brown, Herbert Charles

[生]1912.5.22. イギリス,ロンドン
[没]2004.12.19 アメリカ合衆国,インディアナ,ラフェーエット
アメリカ合衆国の有機化学者。2歳のとき渡米。1936年シカゴ大学を卒業後,同大学助手。1938年学位取得。1939年ウェイン大学助教授に就任,1947~78年パーデュ大学教授。シカゴ大学助手時代,ホウ素を研究し,ホウ素化合物ジボランの簡単かつ高収率の合成法を開発,また用途の広い還元試薬水素化ホウ素ナトリウムを発見した。1955年には,炭素二重結合をもつ有機化合物にジボランを反応させて有機ホウ素化合物を合成するなど,新しい合成反応を次々に展開し,有機化学の発展に寄与した。これらの業績により,1959年アメリカ化学会ニコルズ・メダルを受け,1979年ノーベル化学賞をゲオルク・ウィッティヒとともに受賞した。

ブラウン
Brown, Michael S.

[生]1941.4.13. ニューヨーク,ニューヨーク
アメリカ合衆国の分子遺伝学者。フルネーム Michael Stuart Brown。ペンシルバニア大学卒業(1962),同大学で医学博士号を取得(1966)。マサチューセッツ総合病院でジョゼフ・L.ゴールドスタインと出会い,ともに国立衛生研究所 NIHに入所(1968)。テキサス大学医学部に招かれ(1971),1977年から同大学教授,遺伝疾患研究センター所長。家族性高コレステロール血症の患者と一般人との遺伝学的な差異を研究。コレステロールを含む血液中の低密度リポ蛋白質(LDL。→低比重リポタンパク)を細胞に取り込む受容体をつくる遺伝子の欠損が原因であることを発見し,コレステロール代謝の機構を解明した。ゴールドスタインとともに 1985年ノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞。

ブラウン
Brown, Francis

[生]1849.12.26. ニューハンプシャー,ハノーバー
[没]1916.10.16. ニューヨーク
アメリカのユニオン・チャーチの牧師,教育者,セム語学者。父はハミルトン・カレッジの学長 (1867~81) をつとめた S.G.ブラウン (13~85) ,祖父は「ダートマス大学事件」当時,同校の学長であった F.ブラウン (1784~1820) 。ダートマス大学,ユニオン神学校を卒業後,ベルリンに留学。 1879年ユニオン神学校の聖書言語学講師,81年助教授,90年ヘブライ語教授,1908年校長。言語学,語彙学の業績に対し,イギリス,アメリカの諸大学から名誉学位を授与された。主著『アッシリア語研究-旧約研究における利用と誤用』 Assyrilogy; its Use and Abuse in old Testament Study (85) 。

ブラウン
Brown, John

[生]1800.5.9. コネティカット,トリントン
[没]1859.12.2. バージニア,チャールズタウン
アメリカの奴隷制廃止論者。奴隷解放運動者としての天命を悟り,1855年息子4人と奴隷州か自由州かでもめるカンザス地方に乗込んでゲリラ活動を展開,翌年5月ポタワトミーで奴隷制支持者5人を虐殺した (→ポタワトミー虐殺 ) 。カンザスを追われ,東部の奴隷制廃止論者の支持を得て,バージニアとメリーランドの山地に自由黒人,逃亡奴隷のための本拠地建設を計画。その一環として 59年 10月「ブラウンの蜂起」を起し,バージニア州ハーパーズフェリーにある連邦武器庫を襲撃して逮捕され,同年 12月絞首刑に処せられた。死後北部の奴隷制反対派から奴隷解放の殉教者,英雄としてあがめられた。

ブラウン
Brown, Jim

[生]1936.2.17. ジョージア,セントシモンズ
アメリカ合衆国のアメリカンフットボール選手。本名 James Nathaniel Brown。NFL史上最も偉大なランニングバック RBと称される。シラキュース大学在学中,アメリカンフットボールとラクロスの全米代表選手として活躍。のちに両競技ともに殿堂入りを果たす。 1957~65年クリーブランド・ブラウンズに在籍し,ラッシングヤードと総獲得ヤードの記録を打ち立てた。この記録は 1984年にウォルター・ペイトンによって破られるまで保持した。また9シーズンの間で8回,リーディングラッシャーのタイトルを獲得。1キャリーあたりの平均獲得ヤード (5.22ヤード) の記録保持者。 30歳の全盛期に引退後,映画俳優に転身。

ブラウン
Brown, Charles Brockden

[生]1771.1.17. フィラデルフィア
[没]1810.2.22. フィラデルフィア
アメリカの作家。「アメリカ小説の父」といわれる。初め弁護士をしていたが,生来のロマンチックな気質から文筆に転じて,雑誌編集のかたわら翻訳,政治論文などを発表,W.ゴドウィンの影響を受け,またイギリスのゴシック小説にならって人間の異常な心理を巧みに描く恐怖小説を次々と発表,ポーやホーソーンの先駆となった。主著『ウィーランド』 Wieland (1798) ,『オーモンド』 Ormond (1799) ,『エドガー・ハントリー』 Edgar Huntly (1799) ,『アーサー・マービン』 Arthur Mervyn (1799~1800) など。

ブラウン
Brown, George Alfred

[生]1914.9.2. ロンドン
[没]1985.6.2. コーンウォール
イギリスの政治家。トラック運転手の子として生れ,労働組合運動に参加,のち労働党の実力者となった。 1945年下院議員,51年に公共事業相として入閣,60~70年労働党副党首。 64年労働党の H.ウィルソン内閣の経済相,66年8月外相。熱心なヨーロッパ統合運動の推進者で,外相在任中ヨーロッパ共同体 EC6ヵ国を歴訪し,67年イギリスの EC加盟 (第2回) を申請した。ウィルソン首相と衝突して 68年3月辞任。 70年6月の総選挙で落選し,上院議員に任ぜられた。同年ジョージ=ブラウン George-Brownに改姓。

ブラウン
Brown, Ernest William

[生]1866.11.29. ハル
[没]1938.7.22. コネティカット,ニューヘーブン
アメリカの天文学者。ケンブリッジ大学卒業。 1891年アメリカに渡り,のちハバーフォード大学教授 (1893) ,エール大学教授 (1907) 。月の運動理論を三体問題として研究し,1919年従来の5倍も詳しい月の位置表を完成。ほかにトロヤ群の相互作用,冥王星の天王星,海王星に対する引力効果の研究がある。ロイヤル・ソサエティ会員 (1897) ,14年同ソサエティのロイヤル・メダル受賞。アメリカ科学アカデミー会員 (23) ,37年同アカデミー,ワトソン・メダル受賞。

ブラウン
Brown, John

[生]1735. スコットランド,バンクル
[没]1788.10.17. ロンドン
イギリスの医師。すべての病気は外的刺激に対する身体の反応 (興奮性) の過不足によって起り,治療法も鎮静と興奮の2方法があるだけと主張した。王立医師会会長を2度もつとめたが,彼の説には反対者が多く,借金と貧窮のうちにみずからも2つの薬,アヘンとアルコールを飲みすぎて自説の犠牲者となり,死期を早めた。しかし,生命現象を刺激に対する反応としてとらえ,その所在を筋肉と神経としたブラウン説は,その後の医学界に大きな影響を与えた。

ブラウン
Braun, Karl Ferdinand

[生]1850.6.6. ヘッセン,フルダ
[没]1918.4.20. ニューヨーク
ドイツの物理学者。マールブルク大学,ベルリン大学に学び,1872年学位を得た。ウュルツブルク,マールブルク各大学を経て,テュービンゲン大学教授 (1885) ,シュトラスブルク大学教授 (95) 。熱力学などを研究したのち,74年整流作用をもつ結晶を発見,97年にはブラウン管を発明。 1909年 G.マルコーニとともにノーベル物理学賞受賞。第1次世界大戦中アメリカを訪れ,アメリカの参戦により抑留されたまま死亡した。

ブラウン
Braun, Felix

[生]1885.11.4. ウィーン
[没]1973.11.29. クロスターノイブルク
オーストリアの詩人,小説家。ホーフマンスタールの影響のもとに印象主義詩人として出発。『新生』 Das neue Leben (1913) などの詩集のほか,1910年代のオーストリアを象徴的に描いた小説『アグネス・アルトキルヒナー』 Agnes Altkirchner (27) や詩劇がある。 1939年ロンドンに亡命。ウェルフェル以後のオーストリア詩壇の第一人者と目される。

ブラウン
Brown, Samuel Robbins

[生]1810.6.16.
[没]1880.6.20.
アメリカのオランダ改革派宣教師。マカオに伝道 (1839~47) ののち来日して横浜に英語塾を開き,英語教育にあたった。『日本語の会話書』 Colloquial Japanese (63) を出版。一時帰国,1869年再来日して横浜の修文館で英語を教え,またブラウン塾を開いて日本の教会の指導者となった本多庸一,植村正久,井深梶之助,押川方義らに神学を教えた。また新約聖書の日本語訳にも貢献した。

ブラウン
Brown, Alexander

[生]1764.11.17. バリミナ
[没]1834.4.3. ボルティモア
アイルランド生れのアメリカの実業家。 1800年アメリカに移住し,アイリッシュ・リネンの輸入業者となり,貿易,銀行業をおもに扱う企業としてはアメリカ最古のアレクサンダー・ブラウン・アンド・サンズを設立,4人の息子も共同経営者として世界各地に支店を開設した。ほかに鉄道会社ボルティモア・アンド・オハイオ・レール・ロードの設立にも関与した。アメリカ最初の百万長者の一人。

ブラウン
Brown, John Mason

[生]1900.7.3. ケンタッキー,ルイビル
[没]1969.3.16. ニューヨーク
アメリカの劇評家。ハーバード大学卒業。『ニューヨーク・イブニング・ポスト』紙 (1929~41) や『土曜文学評論』誌 (44~55) などの劇評を担当。主著『観客席の二人』 Two on the Aisle (38) ,『ブロードウェー批評』 Broadway in Review (40) ,『物を見ること』 Seeing Things (46) 。

ブラウン
Brown, Olympia

[生]1835.1.5. ミシガン,プレーリーロンド
[没]1926.10.23. メリーランド,ボルティモア
アメリカ合衆国の女権拡張論者。1863年ユニバーサリスト教会の牧師に任命され,アメリカで初の女性牧師となった。1866年スーザン・B.アンソニーと出会い,その後女性参政権獲得のため奮闘。1873年の結婚以後も旧姓を保持した。1887年から 30年間ウィスコンシン女性参政権協会会長。

ブラウン
Brown, Nathan

[生]1807.6.22.
[没]1886.1.1. 横浜
アメリカのバプテスト派宣教師。ビルマ,アッサムで伝道活動のかたわら新約聖書をアッサム語に翻訳した (1848) 。帰米後奴隷解放運動に尽力。のち J.ゴーブルとともに来日 (73) して横浜バプテスト教会を創立。新約聖書の共同翻訳委員となったが,他派の宣教師と訳語をめぐって意見を異にし,単独で最初の日本語訳新約聖書を完成した (79) 。

ブラウン
Brown, Hubert Gerald (Rap)

[生]1943.10.4. ルイジアナ,バトンルージュ
アメリカ合衆国の黒人運動指導者。サザン大学在学中に学生非暴力調整委員会 SNCCに加わり,公民権運動で活躍。1967年ストークリー・カーマイケルの跡を継いで SNCCの委員長に就任,暴力の必要性を公然と主張するなど黒人の闘争をいっそう過激な方向に導いた。幾度も逮捕されたのち亡命。著書 "Die, Nigger, Die!"(1969)。

ブラウン
Brown, Ford Madox

[生]1821.4.16. カレー
[没]1893.10.6. ロンドン
イギリスの画家。ベルギー,フランスで学んだのち,ロンドンに定住,ラファエル前派のグループと交わった。明るい色彩と写実的技法で歴史画,宗教画を描き,本の挿絵も描いた。またステンドグラスを制作。主要作品は十数年を費やした大作『労働』 (1852~63,マンチェスター市立美術館) ,マンチェスター市役所の 12枚の壁画など。

ブラウン
Brown, Thomas

[生]1778.1.9. カーマブレック
[没]1820.4.2. ブロンプトン
イギリスの哲学者。スコットランド学派 (→常識哲学 ) に属する。 1810年エディンバラ大学教授。 D.ヒューム,T.リード,E.コンディヤックの影響を受け,連想心理学の確立に貢献。主著『人間精神の哲学』 Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind (4巻,1820) 。

ブラウン
Brown, Jacob Jennings

[生]1775.5.9. ペンシルバニア,バックス
[没]1828.2.24.
アメリカの軍人。 1798~1800年 A.ハミルトンの軍事関係秘書。 10年ニューヨーク州民兵軍の准将,12年のアメリカ=イギリス戦争ではニューヨーク州のフロンティアで活躍。 14年アメリカ陸軍の准将となり,カナダ侵攻作戦を試みチッペワとナイアガラで勝利を得たが,海軍の支援がなく失敗に終った。

ブラウン
Brown, Alexander

[生]1843.9.5. バージニア,グレンモア
[没]1906.8.25.
アメリカの歴史家。南北戦争で聴力を失い,郷土バージニア植民地の歴史を研究。従来のイギリス本国中心の解釈を否定し,ロンドン会社内のリベラル派が植民地の諸制度の発展に与えた影響を重視した。主著『合衆国の起源』 The Genesis of the United States (1890) 。

ブラウン
Browne, Elliott Martin

[生]1900.1.29. ウィルトシャー,ジールズ
[没]1980.4.27. ロンドン
イギリスの演出家。 1935年カンタベリーにおける『寺院の殺人』の初演をはじめ,T.S.エリオットの作品を多く演出。また 51年には,1572年以来舞台で演じられたことのなかったヨーク聖史劇を上演するなど,現代の詩劇,宗教劇の復活上演の中心として活躍した。

ブラウン
Brown, Franklin. H.

[生]1882
[没]1973
日本にバレーボールとバスケットボールを紹介し普及に努めたアメリカ合衆国のYMCA体育主事。 1913年東京 YMCAの招きで来日し,関係者にバレーボールとバスケットボールを伝えた。日本および極東スポーツ界の師といわれる。

ブラウン
Brown, Henry Billings

[生]1836.3.2. サウスリー
[没]1913.9.4. ブロンクスビル
アメリカの法律家。海事法の権威として有名。 1890~1906年連邦最高裁判所の准判事。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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