Fu Jian

The third ruler of the Former Qin Dynasty of the Five Barbarians and Sixteen Kingdoms of China (reigned 357-385). A member of the Di tribe, he killed the tyrant Fu Sheng and became the Heavenly King of Daqin. His greatest achievement was conquering Former Yan in 370, Former Liang and Dai in 376, and successfully unifying North China. He also seized Sichuan from the Eastern Jin Dynasty and dispatched Lu Guang to subjugate the Western Regions. Assisted by famous Han Chinese prime ministers such as Wang Meng, he advocated a policy of virtuous governance and governed the country well, and is considered the most wise ruler among the Five Barbarians. He was also generous to other tribes, and many of them were transferred to his base in Guanzhong, while the Di tribe was separated to the east. However, after his defeat in the Battle of Feishui (383) during his campaign against the Eastern Jin Dynasty to unify the country, these tribes all launched a movement for re-independence, and Fu Jian was captured and killed by Yao Chang of the Qiang tribe.

[Keifumi Kubozoe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、五胡十六国(ごこじゅうろっこく)の前秦(ぜんしん)第3代の君主（在位357～385）。氐(てい)族の人。暴君苻生(ふせい)を殺して大秦天王の位についた。その最大の功績は、370年に前燕(ぜんえん)、376年に前涼(ぜんりょう)と代(だい)を滅ぼして華北統一に成功したことにあるが、また東晋(とうしん)から四川(しせん)を奪い、呂光(りょこう)を派遣して西域(せいいき)を従えた。漢人の名宰相王猛らの補佐を受け、徳治主義を標榜(ひょうぼう)し、国内はよく治まり、五胡諸国中第一の名君と評される。他種族に対しても寛大で、彼らを本拠の関中(かんちゅう)に多く徙(うつ)し、逆に氐族を東方に分置した。しかし、天下統一をかけた東晋(とうしん)遠征で淝水(ひすい)の戦い（383）に敗れると、これら諸族はいっせいに再独立運動をおこし、そのなかで苻堅は羌(きょう)族の姚萇(ようちょう)に捕らえられて殺された。

［窪添慶文］

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