According to the 14th century Tunis-born scholar Ibn Khaldun's Book of Ibal, the Berbers are broadly divided into the Zanata, Sanhāja, and Maṣmūda. The Zanata were originally nomads from Tripolitania and Tunisia, and were relatively cooperative with the Arab invasions, but were driven westward by the Arab nomads Hilāl and Sulaym, and came to live in western Algeria and Morocco (including the Rif Mountains). The Sanhāja are also widely distributed, but are divided into two main groups: settled agriculturalists in the Kabyle region and nomads in the western Sahara. From Libya...However, many Arab soldiers, religious leaders, and merchants with their families settled in the cities of the conquered territories, and as Arabized cities prospered as military, administrative, and economic centers, the surrounding residents adopted Arabic as their own language and rapidly converted to Islam. In the mid-11th century, the Hilāl tribe and other Arab nomadic tribes migrated to North Africa in large numbers and intermarried with the local people, further accelerating Arabization and Islamization. Muslim merchants who had advanced into North Africa traveled down to the inland Africa on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert in search of gold, ivory, ostrich feathers, slaves, and other goods. *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Hilāl" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…14世紀チュニス出身の学者イブン・ハルドゥーンの《イバルの書》によれば,ベルベルは,ザナータZanāta系,サンハージャṢanhāja系,マスムーダMaṣmūda系に大別される。ザナータ系はもともとはトリポリタニア地方やチュニジアの遊牧民で,アラブの侵入に対しては比較的協力的であったが,アラブ遊牧民ヒラールHilāl族とスライムSulaym族の侵入によって西方へ追いやられ,アルジェリア西部からモロッコ(リーフ山地など)にまで住みつくようになった。サンハージャ族も広く分布するが,カビール地方の定着農耕民とサハラ西部の遊牧民の二つの主要グループに分けられる。… 【リビア】より…しかし,家族を連れた多くのアラブ軍人や,宗教家,商人が征服地の都市に住み,アラブ化した都市が軍事,行政,経済の中心として繁栄するや,周辺の住民はアラビア語を自らの言語とし,急速にイスラムに帰依していった。11世紀半ばにヒラールHilāl族をはじめアラブ遊牧諸部族が大挙して北アフリカに移住し現地住民と混血したことも,アラブ化・イスラム化に拍車をかけた。北アフリカに進出したムスリム商人は,黄金,象牙,ダチョウの羽根,奴隷などを求めてサハラ砂漠南縁の内陸アフリカへ下った。… ※「Hilāl」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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