Bukeshohatto - Various Laws of the Samurai

Japanese: 武家諸法度 - ぶけしょはっと
Bukeshohatto - Various Laws of the Samurai

The basic law enacted by the Edo Shogunate to control daimyo.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

Genwa Rei

After establishing hegemony, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the shogunate, officially established the ethical foundation for national governance, and strengthened control over daimyo through the enactment of laws and the development and operation of systems. In 1615 (Genna 1), after the fall of Osaka Castle, he issued the "One Castle per Province" order in June, and had all secondary castles of daimyo destroyed except for their main castles, and the following July, he enacted and promulgated the "Buke Shohatto". The Gennahatto was drafted by Konchiin Suden at Ieyasu's command and issued in the name of the second shogun, Hidetada, and consists of 13 articles. Its contents stipulate the education and conduct of daimyo, the expulsion of rebels and murderers, the prohibition of foreigners, reports on castle repairs, the prohibition of gangs, permission to marry, etiquette for attendance at daimyo's residence, and the national affairs of daimyo. Overall, there was nothing new about it, but its significance lay in the fact that it established a system of samurai law while taking a strict stance against violators.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

Kan'ei-rei

The third shogun, Iemitsu, then carried out a major revision in 1635 (Kan'ei 12), drafting the code under Hayashi Razan and issuing it with Iemitsu's approval. Whereas the Genna Code was limited to abstract principles, the Kan'ei Code was distinctive in that it set out more specific details and established the fundamental principles of the shogunate government in response to the new times. Examples of this include the institutionalization of daimyo's alternate attendance system, the prohibition on ships larger than 500 koku in capacity, and the imposition of restrictions on daimyo's national politics. With the enactment of the Kan'ei Code, the shogunate's control over daimyo through law was further strengthened.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

Subsequent legislation

The fourth Shogun, Ietsuna, revised the law again in 1663 (Kanbun 3). The Kanbun law added a new provision prohibiting Christianity and punishing those who were unfilial, but it was little more than a revision of the old law's wording, and the prohibition on junshi (committing one's own death to one's own will) was announced as an extra provision. This prohibition on junshi (committing one's own life to one's own will), along with the abolition of the daimyo witness system, marked a policy shift from military rule to civil rule. The Tenna law, issued by the fifth Shogun, Tsunayoshi, in 1683 (Tenna 3), showed this civil rule even more clearly. The Hoei law, issued by the sixth Shogun, Ienobu, in 1710 (Hoei 7), which was then revised by Arai Hakuseki, best embodied the spirit of civil rule based on the Confucian idea of ​​benevolent government. However, the eighth shogun, Yoshimune, rejected aide-de-camp politics as part of the Kyoho Reforms, but in 1717 (Kyoho 2) he abolished the Hoei Laws and restored the Tenna Laws enacted by Tsunayoshi. As mentioned above, the Buke Shohatto were revised as necessary with each succession of shoguns, and in that sense they indicated changes in the shogunate, but after that, apart from some minor revisions in 1854 (Ansei 1), the Tenna Laws were followed exactly.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

江戸幕府が制定した大名統制の基本法令。

[藤野 保]

元和令

徳川家康は覇権確立以降、幕府を創設し、全国統治権に対する倫理的基礎を公的に確定したうえで、法の制定と制度の整備・運用を通じて大名統制を強化した。すなわち、1615年(元和1)大坂落城後、6月には「一国一城令」を発布して、大名の本城を除くすべての支城を破壊させたうえで、翌7月「武家諸法度」を制定・公布した。この元和(げんな)法度は、家康の命によって金地院崇伝(こんちいんすうでん)が起草し、2代将軍秀忠(ひでただ)の名をもって発布したもので、全13か条よりなる。その内容は、大名の教養・品行、反逆・殺害人の追放、他国者の禁止、城郭修理の報告、徒党の禁止、婚姻の許可、参勤作法(さほう)、大名の国政などについて規定した。全体として目新しいものはないが、武家法としての体系を整えながら、違反者に厳しい態度で臨んだところに、その意義があった。

[藤野 保]

寛永令

その後、3代将軍家光(いえみつ)の1635年(寛永12)大改訂が行われ、林羅山(はやしらざん)が起草し、家光の承認を得て発布された。この寛永(かんえい)法度は、元和法度が抽象的な原則にとどまったのに対し、より具体的な細目を掲げ、新しい時勢に応ずる幕政の根本原則を確定したところに、その特色があった。大名の参勤交代を制度化し、500石積み以上の大船を禁じ、大名の国政について拘束を加えたことなどは、その現れである。この寛永法度の制定により、法による幕府の大名統制はいっそう強化された。

[藤野 保]

その後の法令

ついで4代将軍家綱(いえつな)の1663年(寛文3)ふたたび改訂が行われた。この寛文(かんぶん)法度は、新たに耶蘇(やそ)教禁止と不孝者の処罰規定を加えたほかは、ほとんど旧法の辞句の修正にとどまり、殉死の禁令は条外として口上にて発表された。この殉死の禁令は大名証人制の廃止とともに、武断政治より文治政治への政策転換を示している。5代将軍綱吉(つなよし)が1683年(天和3)に発布した天和(てんな)法度は、この文治主義をいっそう顕著に示している。ついで新井白石(あらいはくせき)の改訂になる6代将軍家宣(いえのぶ)の1710年(宝永7)に発布した宝永(ほうえい)法度は、儒教の仁政思想に基づく文治主義の精神を最高に現している。しかるに、8代将軍吉宗(よしむね)は、享保(きょうほう)の改革の一環として、側近政治を否定する一方、1717年(享保2)には宝永法度を退けて、綱吉が制定した天和法度を復活した。以上のように、「武家諸法度」は将軍の代替りごとに必要に応じて改訂され、その意味で幕政の変化を示したが、その後1854年(安政1)に若干の修正が加えられたほかは、まったくこの天和法度が踏襲された。

[藤野 保]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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