Imperium

Japanese: インペリウム（英語表記）imperium

The power of command. In ancient Rome, the highest administrative power, including wartime command, legal interpretation, and executive power, was given to the king, but during the Republic it was given to high-ranking officials such as consuls, dictators, tribunes (tribunus plebis), and even proconsuls and propraetors with special missions, with the approval of the Senate. However, the scope of its application was gradually restricted (from the monarchy to the establishment and expansion of the collegial consul system and the right of provocatio; the imperium of former high-ranking officials was limited to provinces, etc.), and the period was limited to one year or until the completion of a specific mission. During the civil war in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, people with multiple imperiums fought over each other, and some, such as Pompey the Elder, were given imperium for three years by their authority. Under Emperor Augustus, the Imperium was unified and the power to command the Proconsul tribunes was granted annually from 27 BC, supporting Augustus' "authority" which was not bound by the national system.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

命令権の意。古代ローマにおける最高行政権力で戦時指揮，法律解釈，執行権などを含み，国王に与えられたが，共和政期には執政官 (コンスル ) ，独裁官 (ディクタトル ) ，護民官 (トリブヌス・プレビス ) ，さらに特殊な使命を帯びたプロコンスル，プロプラエトルら高官に元老院の承認を経て与えられた。しかしその適用範囲は次第に制限され (王政から同僚コンスル制，プロボカティオ権の確立，拡大。前高官のインペリウムは属州に限られるなど) ，期限も1年または特定の任務が終るまでとされた。前2～1世紀の内乱期には，複数のインペリウムをもつ者が争ったり，ポンペイウス (大ポンペイウス) のようにその権威によって3年にわたってインペリウムを与えられる者も出た。皇帝アウグスツスにいたってインペリウムは統一され，プロコンスル護民官命令権として前 27年から連年賦与され，国制にとらわれないアウグスツスの「権威」を支えることとなった。

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