Generally, this refers to a religious nationalist movement that occurs when indigenous societies suddenly come into contact with modern Western culture. It occurred widely in Southeast Asia, Africa, and North America from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century. A common feature of these movements is that a certain individual emerges as a prophet through divine revelation, organizes a group of believers, and attempts to resist rulers and non-believers. The resistance can take the form of either a complete rejection or an active attempt to incorporate foreign cultures into one's own. Well-known examples of the former are the Ghost Dance cult of North American Indians and the cargo cult of the Melanesian islands. In Indonesia, there were resistance movements by Muslims and those with non-Islamic motives. In South America, a prophetic movement developed in the mid-18th century, when white people were plundering the land intensively, and people deliberately destroyed their own livestock and food to prevent them from being given to Europeans, and looked forward to the arrival of the Age of Bliss, but the results were disastrous. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
一般に先住民社会が急激に西洋近代文化と接触するときに起る宗教的民族主義運動のこと。特に 19世紀末から 20世紀中頃まで,広く東南アジア,アフリカ,北アメリカの各地に起った。共通した特徴は,ある特定の個人が神霊の啓示によって預言者として立ち現れ,信徒集団を組織して為政者や異教徒に対して抵抗を試みるという点である。抵抗の形態は,一つは完全な拒否反応であり,もう一つは異文化をみずからのものとして積極的に取込もうとするものである。代表例として前者の北アメリカインディアンのゴースト・ダンス教,後者のメラネシア諸島でのカーゴ・カルトがよく知られている。インドネシアでは,イスラム教徒によるものと,非イスラム的意趣による抵抗運動がみられた。南アメリカでは白人の収奪の激しかった 18世紀中頃に預言者運動が発展し,みずからの家畜や食物をヨーロッパ人に渡さないために故意に処分し,至福の時代の到来を待望したが,結果は悲惨なものに終った。
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