Suspension of execution

The suspension of the effectiveness of an administrative agency's disposition, its execution, or the continuation of procedures. The current laws (Article 25 of the Administrative Case Litigation Act, Article 34 of the Administrative Appeal Act, Article 105 of the National Tax General Law) adopt the principle of non-suspension of execution, which means that administrative agencies can execute dispositions themselves even if an appeal or lawsuit is filed, from the viewpoint that if the execution of a disposition were to be automatically suspended when an administrative litigation is filed, it would impede the smooth running of administration and cause the harm of frivolous lawsuits. However, once a disposition is made, there are cases where a fait accompli occurs, such as the execution of a building demolitions order, or where it is almost impossible to restore the original state even if a lawsuit is won several years later, such as the revocation of a business license or dismissal of a public official. Therefore, the law allows for the suspension of execution in exceptional cases, such as when there is an urgent need to avoid damage that is difficult to recover from the execution of a disposition.

However, when there appears to be no reason to win the case or when there is a risk of a significant impact on the public welfare, the government reverts to the principle of not being able to suspend execution, thereby seeking to strike a balance between the public welfare and the rights and interests of the opposing party, the people. Furthermore, the administrative power has the privilege of the Prime Minister's objection (Article 27 of the Administrative Case Litigation Law), which allows the government to block a decision to suspend execution in an administrative lawsuit without question.

[Yasuhito Abe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

行政庁の処分の効力、処分の執行または手続の続行を停止すること。現行法（行政事件訴訟法25条、行政不服審査法34条、国税通則法105条）は、行政争訟が提起された場合当然に処分の執行が停止されるとすれば、行政の円滑な運営が阻害され、濫訴の弊害があるとの観点から、不服申立てや訴えの提起があっても、行政庁は処分を自ら執行できるとする執行不停止原則を採用している。しかし、いったん処分がなされてしまえば、たとえば建物の除却命令の代執行のように既成事実が発生したり、営業免許の取消しや公務員の免職処分のように何年かのちになって勝訴しても、もはや原状に戻すことがほとんど不可能な場合がある。そこで、処分の執行などから生ずる回復の困難な損害を避けるため緊急の必要があるなどのときは例外的に執行停止を認めることにしている。

　ただし、結局その裁判で勝訴する理由がないとみえるとき、または公共の福祉に重大な影響を及ぼすおそれがあるときは、原則に戻って執行停止をすることはできないとして、公共の福祉と相手方国民の権利・利益との調和を図っている。なお、行政訴訟における執行停止決定に対して、行政権はいわば問答無用で阻止する内閣総理大臣の異議（行政事件訴訟法27条）という特権を有している。

［阿部泰隆］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例