IMPATT diode

Japanese: インパットダイオード(英語表記)IMPATT diode
IMPATT diode
A semiconductor device that uses the avalanche phenomenon and the transit time effect to generate microwaves. It is an abbreviation for impact avalanche and transit time diode. It was proposed by WT Reed in 1958, but because its structure was somewhat complicated, it was not immediately possible to prove it. In 1965, RL Johnston and others experimentally discovered that microwaves could be generated using a diode with a simpler structure. The diode proposed by Reed (→ Reed diode) has an n + -p-i-p + structure, with a clear separation between the n + -p junction surface where the electron avalanche occurs and the p-i region where the charge (positive holes) travels. However, if a p-i-n structure or a simple p-n junction diode is made and a voltage is applied, an avalanche occurs throughout the entire diode, and the avalanche region and the charge travel region cannot be clearly distinguished, but microwaves still oscillate. Also, if the p-type and n-type semiconductors are swapped in the diode structure, microwaves will still oscillate, except that the traveling charge will change from holes to electrons. These various structures are collectively called IMPATT diodes. They produce a larger output than Gunn effect diodes, which are also microwave semiconductor elements, and are playing a part in making microwave communication devices smaller, more solid-state, and more reliable. Typical characteristics include 10 GHz and a few watts for those using silicon semiconductors. To oscillate at even higher frequencies, the semiconductor element itself must be made smaller, and the output will therefore decrease.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
なだれ現象と走行時間効果を利用してマイクロ波を発振させる半導体素子。 impact avalanche and transit time diodeの略。 1958年 W.T.リードによって提案されたが,構造がやや複雑であったので,ただちに実証することはできなかった。 1965年になって R.L.ジョンストンらがもっと簡単な構造のダイオードでマイクロ波が発振することを実験的に見出した。リードの提案したダイオード (→リードダイオード ) は n+-p-i-p+ の構造をもち,電子なだれが生ずる n+-p 接合面と電荷 (正孔) が走行する p-i 領域がはっきり分かれている。しかし,p-i-n 構造あるいは単なる p-n 接合のダイオードをつくって電圧を加えると,ダイオード全体にわたってなだれが生じ,なだれ領域と電荷走行領域とをはっきり区別できなくなるが,マイクロ波が発振することに変わりはない。また,ダイオードの構造としてp型半導体とn型半導体を入れ替えても,走行する電荷が正孔から電子に代わるだけであって同様にマイクロ波が発振する。これら種々の構造のものを総称してインパットダイオードと呼ぶ。同じマイクロ波半導体素子であるガン効果ダイオードより大きな出力が得られ,マイクロ波通信装置の小型化,固体装置化,高信頼度化の一端を担っている。特性としてその典型的なものをあげると,シリコン半導体を用いたもので 10GHz,数W程度である。さらに高い周波数で発振させようとすると,半導体素子片そのものを小さくする必要があり,したがって出力も低下する。

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