forum

Japanese: フォーラム

A general term for the movements that formed the core of the 1989-90 Eastern European democratic revolution. In Hungary, it was called the Democratic Forum (established in September 1987), in East Germany the New Forum (established in September 1989), and in Czechoslovakia the Civic Forum (established in November 1989). In a broader sense, it also includes Poland's Solidarity. It started as a citizens' resistance movement against Communist rule, and was a forum for exchanging opinions without a strict leadership system or the goal of gaining power. Gradually, critics of the system gathered around it, and it developed into a political movement, organizing mass debates and calling for demonstrations and strikes. Thanks to the power of the forum, roundtable conferences were held with the ruling party, where free elections, a multi-party system, and new rules for political management were established, making the bloodless Eastern European revolution possible. In Hungary, the Democratic Forum won 42% of the seats in the March 1990 general election and became the largest party, and in Czechoslovakia, the Civic Forum won 52% of the votes in the June general election that year and its leader, Havel, became president. However, after coming to power, Solidarity and the Civic Forum found themselves increasingly divided due to internal differences of opinion, and before the June 1992 general election, they split into a right wing (Citizens' Democratic Party) and a left wing (Citizens' Movement).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

1989～90年の東欧民主化革命で中核となった運動の総称。ハンガリーでは「民主フォーラム」 (87年9月結成) ，東ドイツでは「新フォーラム」 (89年9月結成) ，チェコスロバキアでは「市民フォーラム」 (89年 11月結成) と称した。広い意味ではポーランドの「連帯」もこれに含まれる。当初は共産党支配に対する市民の抵抗運動として出発し，厳格な指導体制をもたず，政権獲得を目的としない意見交換の場であった。これに次第に体制批判勢力が結集し，大衆的討論集会を組織，デモ，ストの呼びかけを行うなど政治運動へと発展した。フォーラムの力により政権党との円卓会議が開催され，ここで自由選挙，複数政党制，新しい政治運営のルールづくりが行われ，東欧無血革命を可能にした。ハンガリーでは 90年3月の総選挙で民主フォーラムが議席の 42%を獲得して第1党に，チェコスロバキアでも同年6月の総選挙で市民フォーラムが 52%を獲得，その指導者ハベルが大統領に就任した。しかし，政権獲得後連帯，市民フォーラムでは内部の意見対立による分裂の傾向が強まり，92年6月の総選挙を前に右派 (市民民主党) と左派 (市民運動) に分離した。

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