The ancient name of the eastern Mediterranean coast, present-day Lebanon and adjacent areas, and the people who engaged in maritime trade based in the coastal cities of the area. Usually, the area ranged from the Eleutheros River in the north to Mount Carmel in the south, but the geographical area was not fixed depending on the era. Phoenicia was never politically unified, but formed a city alliance centered on coastal cities such as Ugarit (present-day Ras Shamra), Arvad, Byblos, Berytus (present-day Beirut), Sidon (present-day Saida), and Tyre from the north, and was active in maritime trade from an early stage. The Phoenicians were not a single ethnic group, but belonged to the northwestern Semitic race along with the Hebrews and Aramaeans, and intermarriage progressed. [Masao Takahashi] historyGeographically, it was the junction between Mesopotamia and Egypt, and was also influenced by the Cretan civilization. The origin of the Phoenicians as a people is still unknown, but their history dates back to the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, when Egypt during the Old Kingdom established a trading post in Byblos in search of cedars of Lebanon. After trade with Egypt, the second millennium BC saw turmoil due to the movement of peoples, and in the middle of that period, small city-states of Aryan, Hurrian, and Semitic origins were separated. It was around this time that the prototype of the alphabet was established. Centered on the Amarna period in the 14th century BC, trade activities with Oriental countries became active, and Phoenician cities replaced Egypt and created their own culture under the influence of the great powers. The centers of trade at that time were Ugarit, Byblos, etc. The items of trade are recorded in detail in the Ugaritic Letters. In any case, Phoenicia managed to survive among the great powers. The migration of Aegean peoples in the 13th and 12th centuries BC caused the Phoenician cities to temporarily decline, but they soon recovered, centering on Tyre, and regained prosperity by building colonies (trading houses) in various places, monopolizing trade in the Mediterranean. In particular, they built colonies in the Western Mediterranean, Utica on the north coast of Africa, Carthage, and Gades (now Cadiz) in Spain, and during this time they played an important cultural historical role in transmitting Eastern civilization to the Western world. It was around this time that their greatest cultural heritage, the alphabet, was transmitted to Greece through international trade. Incidentally, Carthage was a colony built by Tyre, and became the ruler of its colonies after the mother country declined. Hiram I, king of Tyre, made an economic treaty with King Solomon of Israel (10th century BC) to assist in the construction of the Temple of Jerusalem, and then together they dispatched a trade caravan from Etzion-geber on the Gulf of Aqaba to the golden land of Ophir (also called South Arabia, Somaliland, or India). It was around this time that they reached the Atlantic coast. In the 7th century BC, the Phoenicians, who had gained dominance over Mediterranean trade with their excellent navigation skills, succeeded in circumnavigating Africa by sailing westward, spending about two and a half years, under the orders of King Necho II of Egypt. The oldest form of government in Phoenician cities was the monarchy, and the king (head of the city) was chosen from among the members of the royal family. The king's power was restricted by the priests and the wealthy merchant class. Byblos, Sidon, and Tyre had advisory councils to the king, made up of elders. Phoenicia's political independence was short-lived. In the 9th century BC, when the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II conquered the entire area from the Tigris River to the Mediterranean Sea and became powerful, the Phoenician cities gradually lost their power and came under the rule of Assyria, Egypt, Neo-Babylonia, and Persia, and eventually became a Roman province. In 146 BC, with the Roman occupation of Carthage, the Phoenicians disappeared from history. The Phoenicians exported cedar and pine wood, refined flax, crimson-dyed cloth from Tyre, embroidery from Sidon, metal products, glass, wine, salt, dried fish, etc. to Egypt, Anatolia, Africa, the Aegean Sea, and the Western Mediterranean countries, and in return brought back raw materials such as papyrus, ivory, ebony, silk thread, amber, ostrich eggs, spices, perfumes, horses, gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, precious stones, and jewels. They also excelled in arts and crafts, and spread their products to the East and the Mediterranean coast via trade routes. [Masao Takahashi] religionPhoenician religion was little known except from fragmentary descriptions in the Old Testament, but the discovery, deciphering, and research of the Amarna and Ugaritic texts have revealed the true nature of pre-biblical Phoenician Canaanite religious life. The center of the religion was an agricultural religion that prayed for abundant production. The supreme god of the Phoenician pantheon was El, and his consort was Asherah. Baal (meaning "Lord" or "Owner"; a god of fertility) was worshiped in Sidon, and is often mentioned in the Ugaritic texts, and appears in the Old Testament as a Canaanite god. Baal was worshiped under the names Baal-Zaphon, Baal-Shammi'im, Baal-Lebanon, etc. In addition, Dagon (fish god), Hadad (thunder god), Melqart (patron god of the city), Ashtaroth (goddess of the Sidonians and goddess of Byblos), etc. were worshiped, but all of them were common gods to the Northwest Semites. The religion of the Old Testament clearly distinguished itself from the Phoenician religion and was violently opposed to the Phoenician ethics of prioritizing commerce. [Masao Takahashi] artPhoenician art is a remarkable mixture and eclecticism of art from each region, since its base was at the junction of Egypt and Asia Minor and it was open to the sea to the west. However, due to its geographical location, it is basically the same in character as Syrian-Palestinian art, and its transition corresponds to the rise and fall of the various city-states. The Phoenicians' livelihood was maritime trade, and their artistic activities were characterized by the production of handicrafts by importing raw materials and processing them, with excellent decorative qualities being displayed in dyeing, woodworking, and crafts made from metal, glass, and ivory. Glasswork in particular was one of Phoenicia's specialties, and in addition to the previously used core glass and molded glass, it is believed that glassblowing was invented in glass-making areas along the Syrian coast in the mid-1st century BC. Beautiful purple textiles made using dyes extracted from Mediterranean snail shells, gold and silver plates, and intricate ivory carvings were all highly prized in the ancient world. Almost none of the architecture and sculptures remain today, having been plundered or destroyed. However, it is particularly significant that the Phoenicians, an exceptionally skilled seafaring people, promoted the exchange of art throughout the Mediterranean. [Nao Tomobe] "The Phoenicians of the Mediterranean" by W. Culican, translated by Murata Kazunosuke (1971, Sogensha) " "The Pre-Biblical Period" by C.H. Goldin, translated by Shibayama Sakae (1967, Misuzu Shobo) [References] | |©Shogakukan "> Phoenician cities and colonies Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地中海東岸、現在のレバノンとこれに隣接する地域の古代名、およびその沿岸諸都市を拠点として海上交易に従事した民族。通常は、北はエレウテロス川から南はカルメル山あたりまでをさすが、時代によりその地理的範囲は一定していない。フェニキアは、政治的には統一されたことがなく、北からウガリト(現ラス・シャムラ)、アルワド、ビブロス、ベリトス(現ベイルート)、シドン(現サイダ)、ティルスなどの沿岸諸都市を中心に都市同盟を形成し、早くから海上交易を活発に行った。フェニキア人は単一民族ではなく、ヘブライ人、アラム人とともに北西セム系に属し、混血が進んだ。 [高橋正男] 歴史地理的にはメソポタミアとエジプトとの接点にあたり、クレタ文明の影響も受けた。フェニキア人の民族としての発祥地についてはまだ判明していないが、その歴史は、紀元前3000年紀の中葉に、古王国時代のエジプトがレバノン杉を求めてビブロスに交易基地を設けたころにさかのぼる。エジプトとの交易に次いで前二千年紀に入ると、民族移動の影響で混乱し、その中葉ころにはアーリア系、フルリ系、セム系の小都市国家群が分立した。アルファベットの祖型が成立したのもこのころである。前14世紀のアマルナ時代を中心として、オリエント諸国の交易活動が盛んとなり、エジプトにかわってフェニキア諸都市が列強の影響のもとに独自の文化を生み出した。当時の交易の中心はウガリト、ビブロスなどであった。交易品目は『ウガリト文書(もんじょ)』に詳しく伝えられている。いずれにせよフェニキアは列強の間にあって巧みに生き延びた。前13~前12世紀のエーゲ民族の移動により、諸都市は一時衰えたが、まもなくティルスを中心に再興し、各地に植民市(商館)を建設するなどして繁栄を取り戻し、地中海交易を独占した。とくに西地中海、アフリカ北岸のウティカ、カルタゴ、スペインのガデス(現カディス)などに植民市を建設し、この間に東方文明を西方世界へ伝えるという重要な文化史的役割を果たした。このころ彼らの最大の文化遺産であるアルファベットが国際交易を通じてギリシアに伝えられた。ちなみに、カルタゴはティルスが建設した植民市で、本国が衰えたのち、その植民諸市の支配者となった。ティルスの王ヒラム1世はイスラエルの王ソロモン(前10世紀)と経済条約を結んでエルサレム神殿の建設を援助し、ついでともにアカバ湾沿岸のエツィオン・ゲベルから黄金の国オフィル(南アラビアともソマリランドともインドともいわれる)まで通商隊を派遣した。彼らが大西洋岸に達したのもこのころであった。前7世紀には、優れた航海術で地中海交易の覇権を掌握したフェニキア人は、エジプト王ネコ2世の命により、およそ2年半を費やして西回りでアフリカ一周航海に成功した。フェニキア諸都市の政体は王政がもっとも古い政体で、国王(都市の首長)は王家に属する者から選ばれた。国王の権力は祭司と富裕な商人層の制約を受けていた。ビブロス、シドン、ティルスには長老からなる国王の諮問機関が付属していた。フェニキアの政治的独立は短く、前9世紀に、アッシリア王アッシュール・ナシルパル2世がティグリス川から地中海に至る全域を征服し強大になると、フェニキア諸都市はしだいに勢力を失い、アッシリア、エジプト、新バビロニア、ペルシアの支配を受け、やがてローマの属州となり、前146年、ローマ人のカルタゴ占領とともに、フェニキア人は史上から消え去った。 フェニキア人は、レバノン杉と松材、精製亜麻(あま)布、ティルスの深紅染め布、シドンの刺しゅう、金属製品、ガラス、ぶどう酒、塩、干魚などをエジプト、アナトリア、アフリカ、エーゲ海、さらに西地中海の国々へ輸出し、その見返りにパピルス、象牙(ぞうげ)、黒檀(こくたん)、絹糸、こはく、ダチョウの卵、香味料、香料、馬、金、銀、銅、鉄、錫(すず)、宝玉、宝石などの原材料を持ち帰った。また美術工芸にも長じ、それらの製品を交易路を介して東方や地中海沿岸各地に伝えた。 [高橋正男] 宗教フェニキアの宗教は、これまで『旧約聖書』のなかの断片的な記述による以外ほとんど知られていなかったが、『アマルナ文書』および『ウガリト文書』の発見、解読、研究により、聖書以前のフェニキア・カナーンの宗教生活の実態が明らかにされた。その中心は生産の豊穣(ほうじょう)を祈る農耕宗教であった。フェニキア人のパンテオンの最高神はエルで、その配偶神はアシェラであった。シドンではバアル(「主(しゅ)」「所有者」の意。肥沃(ひよく)神)が拝されていたが、これは『ウガリト文書』のなかにもしばしば言及されており、『旧約聖書』のなかではカナーンの神として登場する。バアルは、バアル・ツァフォン、バアル・シャミイム、バアル・レバノンなどの名で拝されていた。このほか、ダゴン(魚神)、ハダド(雷神)、メルカルト(市の守護神)、アシタロテ(シドン人の女神、ビブロスの女神)などが拝されていたが、いずれも北西セム人に共通な神々であった。『旧約聖書』の宗教は、フェニキアの宗教に対して自らをはっきりと区別し、フェニキアの商業優先の倫理に対して激しく反発していた。 [高橋正男] 美術フェニキアの美術は、その本拠地がエジプトと小アジアの接点にあたり、また西に向かって海が開けていたために、各地域の美術の混合・折衷が著しい。しかし、その位置的関係から、基本的にはシリア・パレスチナ美術と同じ性格であり、その変遷は諸都市国家の盛衰と対応している。 フェニキア人の生業は海上交易であったので、美術活動も、原料を輸入して加工する工芸品製作に特色があり、染色、木工、金属・ガラス・象牙(ぞうげ)などの細工物に優れた装飾性を示している。とくにガラス工芸はフェニキアの特産の一つで、それまでのコア・ガラス、型抜きガラスのほかに、紀元前1世紀中ごろにシリア沿岸地方のガラス製作地で、吹きガラスが創案されたと推定されている。また、地中海産の巻き貝からとれる染料を用いた美しい紫色の織物、金銀の皿、精巧な象牙細工などは、古代世界で非常に珍重された。建築や彫像などは、略奪や破壊を受けてほとんど現存しない。しかし、きわめて優れた航海民族フェニキア人によって、地中海各地の美術の交流が促進されたことは、とくに意義深いことである。 [友部 直] 『W・キュリカン著、村田数之亮訳『地中海のフェニキア人』(1971・創元社)』▽『C・H・ゴールドン著、柴山栄訳『聖書以前』(1967・みすず書房)』 [参照項目] | |©Shogakukan"> フェニキア人の都市と植民市 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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