A legal private war fought between feudal nobles and cities in medieval Western Europe. In medieval feudal society, all free people were granted the right to recover their violated rights by force, without resorting to court proceedings. The fede was a battle that arose as a result of this use of force. It developed from the ancient Germanic "blood vendetta" ("vendetta"), but was distinguished from "blood vendetta" in that it required certain formal procedures. For example, if the other party was not notified within three days, it was not recognized as a legal fede. From the 10th century onwards, a movement arose centered around the church to restrict or prohibit the fede in the form of "God's truce" or "God's peace." Powerful lords and kings took advantage of this to try to centralize the maintenance of public order and police power within their territories in their own hands, and from this modern state power developed. Although Landpeace edicts were issued frequently in Germany, they were ineffective due to the severe territorial divisions, and although the Edict of Perpetual Peace of 1495 achieved the total illegalization of feuds, feuds between nobles, knights, and cities had become an almost everyday phenomenon from the late Middle Ages to the early modern period. [Shosuke Hirajo] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中世西ヨーロッパで、封建貴族や都市間に行われた合法的私戦。中世封建社会では、すべての自由人に、侵害された自己の権利を、裁判手続に訴えることなく、実力で回復する権利が認められていた。この実力行使の結果発生する戦いがフェーデであった。ゲルマン古来の「血の復讐(ふくしゅう)」から発展したものであるが、一定の形式的手続を踏む必要があった点で、「血の復讐」と区別される。たとえば、3日以内に相手に通告しなかった場合は、合法的フェーデとは認められなかった。10世紀以降、教会を中心に、「神の休戦」「神の平和」という形で、フェーデを制限・禁止しようとする動きがおこり、有力諸侯や国王はこれを利用して、領内の治安維持、警察権を自己の手に集中しようと努め、ここから近代的国家権力が発展していった。ドイツでもたびたびラント平和令が発布されたが、領邦的分裂が著しかったため実効をもたず、1495年の「永久平和令」は、いちおうフェーデの全面的非合法化を達成したとはいえ、中世末から近世初頭にかけて貴族や騎士や都市間のフェーデは、ほとんど日常の現象となっていた。 [平城照介] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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