Fjord - fiord (English spelling)

Japanese: フィヨルド - ふぃよるど(英語表記)fiord
Fjord - fiord (English spelling)

This refers to a glacial valley whose lower reaches have been submerged and covered by the sea. It is also called a narrow bay. It is long compared to its width, with the Sognefjord in Scandinavia being 204 km long. Both sides are made up of steep U-shaped valley walls, and often form cliffs over 1000 meters above sea level. However, it is not rare to find a depression of more than 1000 meters below sea level. They are found in mountainous areas in high latitudes where glacial erosion has been active, and are typically developed in Norway, Greenland, southern Alaska, Chile, and the South Island of New Zealand. During the glacial period, the sea level was about 100 meters lower than it is today, but as can be seen from the depth of the fjords, even when the sea level dropped, the fjords were still sea. The reason for the carving out of such a deep valley was the great thickness of the valley glacier that filled the fjord. It is thought that the thick valley glacier, which is up to 2,000 to 3,000 meters high, pushed seawater aside and advanced, creating a glacial valley deep below sea level.

[Yugo Ono]

[Reference] | Sognefjord

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

下流部が沈水して海に覆われた氷食谷をさす。峡湾ともいう。幅に比べて長さが長く、スカンジナビア半島にあるソグネフィヨルドの長さは204キロメートルに及ぶ。両岸は切り立ったU字谷の谷壁からなり、海面から1000メートル以上の崖(がけ)をなすことが多い。しかし、海面の下にはさらに1000メートル以上の凹(くぼ)みがつくられていることが少なくない。高緯度地域で氷河の侵食が活発に行われた山地にみられ、ノルウェー、グリーンランド、アラスカ南部、チリ、ニュージーランド南島などに典型的に発達している。氷期には海面が現在より約100メートル低下していたが、フィヨルドの深さから知られるように、海面が下がってもフィヨルドはまだ海であった。このように深い谷が削られたのは、フィヨルドを埋めた谷氷河の厚さが大きかったからで、2000~3000メートルにも達する厚い谷氷河が、海水を押しのけて前進したために海面下深くまで氷食谷ができたと考えられる。

[小野有五]

[参照項目] | ソグネフィヨルド

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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