A dynasty founded in 1169 by the Kurdish Salah al-Din (Saladin), a subordinate of the Zengid dynasty, who defeated the Ismaili Fatimid dynasty of Egypt. Its territory began in Egypt and extended to Syria, Jazira (the steppe region including northwestern Iraq and northeastern Syria), and Yemen (ruled until 1229). Saladin made Egypt the base of his dynasty, and divided other areas and gave them to his family to rule. As the standard-bearers of Sunni Islam, the Ayyubid dynasty recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasid caliphate, and actively promoted Sunni Islam through the training and appointment of Sunni ulama, as well as the construction of mosques, madrasas, and khanqas (Sufi monasteries). They also led the Islamic counterattack against the Crusaders, greatly reducing their power. However, in the 13th century, due to the complex political situation, they changed to a policy of both peace and war. The dynasty remained stable until the time of the fifth sultan, Kamil (reigned 1218-1238), after which internal divisions intensified and the dynasty was overthrown in a coup by Turkish Mamluk officers in its own army in 1250. A faction of the Ayyubid dynasty remained as a local power in Jazira until the 15th century. [Takeshi Yukawa] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ザンギー朝の部将であったクルド人のサラーフ・アッディーン(サラディン)が、1169年にエジプトのイスマーイール派のファーティマ朝を倒して建てた王朝。その領域はエジプトから始まり、シリア、ジャジーラ(イラクの北西部とシリアの北東部を含むステップ地帯)、そしてイエメン(1229年まで支配)にまで広がっていた。サラディンはエジプトを王朝の本拠地として、他の地域は分割して一族に与えて支配させた。アイユーブ朝はスンニー派イスラムの旗手として、アッバース朝カリフの宗主権を認め、スンニー派ウラマーの育成・登用などを通じて、またモスクやマドラサ、ハーンカー(スーフィーの修道場)などの建設を通じて、積極的にスンニー派の振興に努めた。また十字軍に対しても、イスラム側の反撃の先頭にたち、その勢力を大きく後退させた。しかし13世紀になると、複雑な政治情勢もあって和戦両面の政策に転換した。同朝の安定も第5代スルタン、カーミル(在位1218~1238)の時代までで、その後は内部分裂が激しくなり、1250年に自らの軍隊内のトルコ系マムルーク将校たちのクーデターによって倒された。アイユーブ朝の一派は15世紀までジャジーラの一地方勢力として残った。 [湯川 武] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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