Part of speech - faint

Japanese: 品詞 - ひんし
Part of speech - faint

A classification of words based on their grammatical properties for the purpose of grammatical description and systematization. The criteria are semantics, word form, function (role in sentence structure), etc. Each word belongs to one of the parts of speech.

The names of parts of speech were established as translations of terms from Western grammar, such as parts of speech (English) and parts du discours (French). In the Edo period, there were translations of Dutch grammar such as "shi-hin", "Rango kyu-hin", and "kyu-hin no kotoba". The idea of ​​classifying words has existed in Japan since ancient times, with words being classified under names such as "shi", "ji", "te-ni-o-ha", "kayoji", "rest ji", and "na", but "parts of speech" generally refers to the classification of words that was newly thought up with the import of Western grammar. The types and names of parts of speech vary slightly depending on the theory, but the ones that are commonly used today are nouns, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adjectival verbs, conjunctions, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, particles, and auxiliary verbs. Among these, the names of several higher-level classifications such as "nouns" and "verbs", as well as the lower-level classifications such as "case particles" and "related particles", are also sometimes treated as parts of speech. In addition, terms such as "prefixes" and "suffixes" are sometimes used under the name of parts of speech.

The specific words that belong to each part of speech also differ depending on the theory. For example, "ru, raru, su, sasu, shimu (reru, rareru, seru, saseru)," which express passive, possible, spontaneous, honorific, and causative voices, are considered "compound endings" in Yamada Yoshio's theory, "auxiliary verbs" in Hashimoto Shinkichi's theory, and "suffixes" in Tokieda Motoki's theory. In modern Japanese dictionaries, it is common to write the name of the part of speech below the head word. However, for "nouns," which are overwhelmingly more numerous, this is often omitted.

[Suzuki Kazuhiko]

Parts of Speech in Western Grammar

In the Western grammar, which originated from Greek and Latin, the so-called eight parts of speech, which divide words into eight types, was the traditional type. Since the 18th century, the standard parts of speech in English have been nine: article, noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Of these, there are no equivalents to articles and prepositions in Japanese. These parts of speech in the Western grammar have influenced Japanese grammar since the end of the Edo period. For example, Tsurumine Shigenobu's New Language Book (completed in 1831) follows the Dutch grammar and divides words into nine types: substantive words (nouns), imaginary words (adjectives), pronouns (pronouns), attributive words (the attributive form of verbs, etc.), conjugated words (verbs), adjectives (adverbs), conjunctions (conjunctions), demonstrative words (such as 'above' and 'otherwise'), and exclamatory words (interjections). In Yoshikado Tanaka's Elementary Japanese Grammar (1874), words are divided into seven types: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections, and auxiliary verbs and particles are not recognized as independent parts of speech. In Fumihiko Otsuki's Wide Japanese Grammar (1897), the most reasonable classification of parts of speech that combines Japanese and Western elements is presented. Auxiliary verbs and particles (called "tenioha") are considered to be independent parts of speech, making a total of eight parts of speech, along with nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections. This is regarded as the standard parts of speech for school textbooks since the Meiji period.

[Suzuki Kazuhiko]

Traditional Japanese classification of parts of speech

This article will highlight the main issues regarding Japanese people's awareness and actual practice of classifying Japanese words up until the end of the Edo period.

(1) "Ci" in the Man'yoshu. The notes to the two poems about the Hototogisu (nightingale), no. 4175 and 4176, read "Konohaba sankaji kakushi " and "Konohaba kiho rokukaji kakushi ," respectively. This shows that at least the particles "mo, no, ha, te, ni, o" were named "ci" to distinguish them from others.


(2) The distinction between large and small characters in the writing of senmyo. In senmyo and norito, it is written as follows: "Now, senmyo (for a long time), Naramaro (I) will raise up his army (ni) employed (tari-shi) Hatadomo (wo-ba) far (ku) flow (shi) given (tsu)" (senmyo), and particles, auxiliary verbs, conjugated endings, etc. are distinguished from nouns, stems, etc. and written in small characters (originally right-justified or split into two lines, but here they are all written in parentheses). This is also one way of classifying words.

(3) Writing the Japanese reading of classical Chinese texts. The 'wo', 'ko', and 'to' marks and the 'okurigana' syllabary used in the reading of classical Chinese texts are considered to be the same as those mentioned above.

(4) Particles in commentaries and poetry treatises. In these books from the end of the Heian period to the Muromachi period, particles and auxiliary verbs are called "rest words" or "helping words" to distinguish them from other words.

(5) Classification in the Tenniha Daigaisho (probably written at the end of the Kamakura period). Here, words are divided directly into two, "kotoba" and "tenniha," and the essential difference between them is explained. This way of thinking became fundamental throughout the Edo period.


(6) Nariaki Fujitani, "Kazashi-sho" (1767) and "Ayuhi-sho" (1773).

This influenced the grammatical theory of Takao Yamada after the Meiji period.

(7) Akira Suzuki, "A Theory of the Four Types of Language" (published in 1824). Divides language into three types and "teni wo wa" and explains their essential differences.


This way of thinking provided a great inspiration for the academic theory of Tokieda Seiki in the Showa era.

[Suzuki Kazuhiko]

Issues

When talking about parts of speech, in Indo-European languages, part almost always corresponds to a word. However, in Japanese, in the case of "I climbed the mountain," the direct parts that make up the sentence are the phrases (or clauses) "I" "climbed the mountain." In other words, a gap appears between parts of speech classification and word classification. This is why the positioning of particles, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, etc. becomes problematic.

[Suzuki Kazuhiko]

[References] | Otsuki Fumihiko | Article | Interjection | Adjective | Adjectival verb| Four types of language | Word |Dictionary| Particle | Auxiliary verb |Numeral | Suzuki Satoshi | Conjunction | Prefix | Suffix|Preposition | Declaration | Noun |Pronoun| Tsurumine Boshin | Te , ni, wo, ha | Verb | Tokieda Masaki | Hashimoto Shinkichi | Adverb | Fujitani Seisho | Grammar | Noun | Yamada Takao | Verb | Conjunction

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

文法上の記述、体系化を目的として、あらゆる語を文法上の性質に基づいて分類した種別。語義、語形、職能(文構成上の役割)などの観点が基準となる。個々の語はいずれかの品詞に所属することとなる。

 品詞の名称はparts of speech(英語)、parties du discours(フランス語)などの西洋文典の術語の訳として成立したもの。江戸時代には、オランダ文法の訳語として、「詞品」「蘭語九品」「九品の詞」のようなものがあった。語の分類意識としては、日本にも古くからあり、「詞」「辞」「てにをは」「助け字」「休め字」「名(な)」などの名称のもとに語分類が行われていたが、「品詞」という場合は、一般に、西洋文典の輸入によって新しく考えられた語の類別をさす。品詞の種類、名称には、学説によって多少の異同もあるが、現在普通に行われているものは、名詞・数詞・代名詞・動詞・形容詞・形容動詞・連体詞・副詞・接続詞・感動詞・助詞・助動詞などである。これらのうちの数種の上位分類である「体言」「用言」などの名称、および下位分類である「格助詞」「係助詞」なども品詞として扱われることもある。なお、「接頭語」「接尾語」なども品詞の名のもとに用いられることもある。

 それぞれの品詞に所属する具体的な語も、学説によって異同がある。たとえば、受身・可能・自発・尊敬・使役を表す「る・らる・す・さす・しむ(れる・られる・せる・させる)」は、山田孝雄(よしお)の学説では「複語尾」、橋本進吉の学説では「助動詞」、時枝誠記(もとき)の学説では「接尾語」とされる。現在の国語辞書では、見出し語の下に品詞名を記すことが普通である。ただし、圧倒的に数の多い「名詞」については、これを省略しているものが多い。

[鈴木一彦]

西洋文典の品詞

ギリシア語・ラテン語を源とする西洋文典においては、語を8種に分けるいわゆる8品詞が伝統的型であった。18世紀以降、英語の標準的な品詞は、冠詞・名詞・形容詞・代名詞・動詞・副詞・前置詞・接続詞・間投詞の九つとされている。このうち、冠詞と前置詞にあたるものは日本語にない。この西洋文典の品詞が江戸時代末期から日本文典に影響を与えた。たとえば鶴峯戊申(つるみねしげのぶ)『語学新書』(1831成稿)はオランダ文典に倣って、語を実体言(ゐことば)(名詞)・虚体言(つきことば)(形容詞)・代名言(かへことば)(代名詞)・連体言(つづきことば)(動詞などの連体形)・活用言(はたらきことば)(動詞)・形容言(さまことば)(副詞)・接続言(つづけことば)(接続詞)・指示言(さしことば)(「上を」「ほかに」の類)・感動言(なげきことば)(感動詞)の9種に分ける。田中義廉(よしかど)『小学日本文典』(1874)では、名詞・形容詞・代名詞・動詞・副詞・接続詞・感詞の7種に分け、助動詞・助詞は独立した品詞と認めていない。大槻(おおつき)文彦『広日本文典』(1897)に至って、和洋折衷の品詞分類としてもっとも穏当なものが示されている。助動詞・助詞(「弖尓乎波(てにをは)」と称している)を独立した品詞とし、名詞・動詞・形容詞・副詞・接続詞・感動詞と並べて八品詞とした。これが明治以後の教科文典の標準的品詞と目されている。

[鈴木一彦]

日本の伝統的品詞分類

江戸時代末期までの、日本人の日本語に対する語分類の意識およびその実際について、おもなものをあげる。

(1)『万葉集』における「辞」。4175、4176番の「霍公鳥(ほととぎす)を詠む二首」の左注に、それぞれ「毛能波三箇欠之(これをかく)」「毛能波氐乎六箇欠之」とある。ここには、少なくとも「も・の・は・て・に・を」などの助詞を「辞」と名づけて他と区別していた意識がみられる。


(2)宣命(せんみょう)書きにおける大字・小字の区別。宣命・祝詞(のりと)においては、「今宣(のりたまは)(久(く))奈良麻呂(我(が))兵(いくさ)起(おこす)(尓(に))被雇(やとはえ)(多利志(たりし))秦等(はたども)(乎婆(をば))遠(久(く))流(之(し))賜(たまひ)(都(つ))」(宣命)のように表記され、助詞・助動詞・活用語尾などが、体言・語幹などと区別されて小文字(本来は右寄せまたは2行割りだが、ここではすべて( )の中に表示した)で記してある。これも語分類の意識の一つである。

(3)漢文訓読の表記。漢文訓読におけるヲコト点および送り仮名としての片仮名も前述の場合と同じと考えられる。

(4)注釈書・歌論書における助辞。平安時代末期から室町時代へかけてのこれらの書では、助詞・助動詞の類を「休め字」「助け字」とよんで、他の語と区別している。

(5)『天爾波(てには)大概抄』(鎌倉時代末成立か)の分類。ここでは語を正面から二分して、「詞」と「手爾波」とし、両者の本質的な相違を説いている。この考え方は江戸時代を通じて基本的なものとなる。


(6)富士谷成章(なりあきら)『挿頭(かざし)抄』(1767)、『脚結(あゆひ)抄』(1773)。語を二分法によらず、

のように4種に分類する。これは、明治以後山田孝雄の文法学説に影響を与えた。

(7)鈴木朖(あきら)『言語四種(げんぎょししゅ)論』(1824刊)。3種の詞と「テニヲハ」に二分して、その本質的相違を説く。


この考え方は、昭和の時枝誠記の学説に大きな示唆を与えた。

[鈴木一彦]

問題点

parts of speechというとき、partは、印欧語ではほとんど語に一致する。ところが日本語では、「私は山に登った」の場合、文を構成する直接の部分は、「私は」「山に」「登った」という句(あるいは文節)となる。つまり品詞分類と語分類との間にあるギャップが生じてくる。助詞・助動詞および連体詞・副詞・接続詞・感動詞などの位置づけが問題となるゆえんがここにある。

[鈴木一彦]

[参照項目] | 大槻文彦 | 冠詞 | 感動詞 | 形容詞 | 形容動詞 | 言語四種論 | | | 助詞 | 助動詞 | 数詞 | 鈴木朖 | 接続詞 | 接頭語 | 接尾語 | 前置詞 | 宣命 | 体言 | 代名詞 | 鶴峯戊申 | てにをは | 動詞 | 時枝誠記 | 橋本進吉 | 副詞 | 富士谷成章 | 文法 | 名詞 | 山田孝雄 | 用言 | 連体詞

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