Bingo Province

Japanese: 備後国 - びんごのくに

The former name of the province that is now the eastern part of Hiroshima Prefecture. It belonged to the Sanyo Road.

[Harumi Aono]

Ancient

According to the "Nihon Shoki" and "Shoku Nihongi," Bingo Province originally belonged to Kibi Province, but it is believed that by around 697 (the 1st year of Emperor Mommu's reign), it had been divided into three provinces: Bizen (which was separated from Mimasaka in 713), Bitchu, and Bingo. According to the "Engishiki," the province was ranked as Kami-kuni, and was classified as Chugoku in terms of distance from the capital. The location of the provincial capital is recorded as Ashida County in the "Wamyosho," which corresponds to the current Fukawa Town in Fuchu City, but there is also a theory that the original location of Bingo Province when it was established was the current Fukuyama City. According to the "Wamyo-sho" (Tokyu Books), Bingo Province consisted of 14 districts: Yasuna, Fukatsu, Kameshi (later Jinseki), Nuka, Numakuma, Homuchi (later Honji), Ashida, Konu, Mikami, Eso, Mitsugi, Sera, Mitani, and Miyoshi. These district names continued to exist until the new districts were organized in the Meiji period.

[Harumi Aono]

middle ages

There were many manors in Bingo Province, including early manors, such as Shimari-sho, Jibi-sho, Tabusa-sho, Takatomi-sho, Fukatsu-sho, Yoshizu-sho, Tsubo-sho, Nagano-sho, Sanna-sho, Ota-sho, Kui-sho, Kinashi-sho, Numata-sho, and Innoshima-sho, but the most famous of these is Ota-sho in Sera County, which was established in the late 12th century. In 1184 (Genryaku 1), Doi Sanehira was appointed as the Shugo of Bingo Province, and after the Jōkyū War, the Nagai clan (whose ancestor was Tokihiro, the son of Oe Hiromoto), the Hosokawa clan, the Shibukawa clan, and the Imagawa clan were appointed as the Shugo. During the Nanboku-chō period, the Hosokawa clan, the Shibukawa clan, and the Imagawa clan were appointed as the Shugo. After the Onin War (1467-77), the Ouchi clan and the Amago clan came into power, but from around 1566 (Eiroku 9), the Mōri clan took control of Bingo Province instead of the Ouchi clan. Water transportation also developed in the Seto Inland Sea, and trade with Korea and mainland China became active. The Murakami clan of Innoshima were a representative group of pirates (Kego = navy, maritime merchants) who were active during the Muromachi period with Innoshima as their base.

[Harumi Aono]

Early modern period

In 1600 (Keicho 5), Mori Terumoto was defeated in the Battle of Sekigahara and was transferred to the Bungo and Choshu provinces. In his place, Fukushima Masanori entered Hiroshima Castle as the lord of Aki and Bingo provinces with 498,000 koku of rice, and promoted the modernization of both provinces. However, he was stripped of his title in 1619 (Genwa 5) for having renovated Hiroshima Castle without permission, and Asano Nagaakira was placed in Aki province and Mizuno Katsunari in Bingo province instead. From then on, the Asano clan, lords of Hiroshima Castle, ruled Aki and northern Bingo provinces until the beginning of the Meiji era. After taking over the title, the Mizuno clan, who had a castle in Fukuyama and ruled the southern part of Bingo province with 100,000 koku of rice, were stripped of their title in 1698 (Genroku 11) without an heir, and the area became a shogunal territory. As a result of a land survey the following year, the former Mizuno domain was reduced to 150,000 koku, and the following year it was divided into Matsudaira Tadamasa's domain (Fukuyama domain) with 100,000 koku and Tenryo with 50,000 koku (controlled by the Joge magistrate's office; in 1717, 20,000 koku of this became Nakatsu domain). Due to the transfer of the Matsudaira clan's fief, from 1710 (7th year of the Hoei period) the Fukuyama domain's 100,000 koku became Abe's domain, and in 1853 (6th year of the Kaei period) it was given an additional 10,000 koku, which continued until the beginning of the Meiji period. In this way, after the Mizuno clan, the Fukuyama domain in Bingo province was assigned hereditary daimyo for generations, and the Abe clan in particular produced many senior councilors, including Masahiro.

Local products produced included iron sand, rush grass, tatami mats, cotton, cotton textiles, and salt, but cotton, cotton textiles, and tatami mats were the most important products of the Fukuyama domain and were controlled by the domain. Peasant uprisings also occurred frequently, with the most famous being the Fukuyama domain's general peasant uprisings of 1717-18 (Kyoho 2-3) and 1786-87 (Tenmei 6-7). The Sanyo Road passed through southern Bingo Province, and in Kannabe-juku along the way, Kan Chazan founded Renjuku (a special historic site) and educated many children there. There are many ruins in Bingo Province, among which the best known are the Paleolithic Taishakukyo ruins in Bihoku and the Kusado Sengencho ruins at the mouth of the Ashida River in Binan.

[Harumi Aono]

"The History of Hiroshima Prefecture" by Goto Yoichi (1972, Yamakawa Publishing)" ▽ "The History of Hiroshima Prefecture, 27 volumes (1972-83, Hiroshima Prefecture)" ▽ "Hiroshima - History and Culture" edited by Fukuo Takeichiro (1980, Kodansha)" ▽ "The History of Fukuyama City, 3 volumes (1963-73, Fukuyama City History Editorial Committee)" ▽ "The History of Mihara City, 7 volumes (1970-, Mihara City)"

[Reference items] | Hiroshima (prefecture) | Hiroshima Domain | Fukuyama Domain

Hiroshige Utagawa, Famous Places of the Sixty-odd Provinces, Bingo, Abumon Kannondo
Afuto Kannon Hall. 1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library

Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces, Bingo, Abu..."

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

現在の広島県東部にあたる旧国名。山陽道に属した。

［青野春水］

古代

『日本書紀』『続日本紀(しょくにほんぎ)』によると、備後国はもと吉備(きび)国に属していたが、697年（文武天皇1）ころまでに備前(びぜん)（713年美作(みまさか)を分出）、備中(びっちゅう)、備後に3分割されて成立していたと推察される。『延喜式(えんぎしき)』によると、国の等級は上国であり、都からの距離による区分では中国であった。国府の所在地は、『和名抄(わみょうしょう)』には葦田(あしだ)郡と記され、現府中市府川(ふかわ)町に比定されるが、備後国が設置された当初の所在地としては、現福山(ふくやま)市に比定する説もある。『和名抄』（東急本）によると、備後国は安那(やすな)、深津(ふかつ)、神石(かめし)（のち、じんせき）、奴可(ぬか)、沼隈(ぬまくま)、品治(ほむち)（のち、ほんじ）、葦田(あしだ)、甲奴(こうぬ)、三上(みかみ)、恵蘇(えそ)、御調(みつぎ)、世羅(せら)、三谿(みたに)、三次(みよし)の14郡からなる。以後郡名は、明治の新郡編成まで存続した。

［青野春水］

中世

備後国には初期荘園(しょうえん)を含めて志摩利(しまり)庄・地毗(じび)庄・田総(たぶさ)庄・高富(たかとみ)庄・深津(ふかつ)庄・吉津(よしづ)庄・坪生(つぼう)庄・長和(ながわ)庄・山南(さんな)庄・大田(おおた)庄・杭(くい)庄・木梨(きなし)庄・沼田(ぬた)庄・因島(いんのしま)庄など多くの荘園が存在したが、なかでも12世紀後期に成立した世羅郡の大田庄が有名である。備後国の守護に、1184年（元暦1）土肥実平(どいさねひら)が、承久(じょうきゅう)の乱後は長井氏（大江広元(おおえのひろもと)の子時広(ときひろ)を始祖とする）が、南北朝期には細川(ほそかわ)、渋川(しぶかわ)、今川(いまがわ)の各氏が、1379年（天授5・康暦1）以後は主として山名(やまな)氏が、それぞれ任ぜられた。応仁(おうにん)の乱（1467～77）後は大内(おおうち)氏、尼子(あまご)氏の勢力が入るが、1566年（永禄9）ころから毛利(もうり)氏が大内氏にかわって備後を支配することとなった。また瀬戸内海では水上交通が発達、朝鮮や中国大陸との交易も盛んに行われた。因島の村上氏は代表的な海賊衆（警固＝水軍、海商）で、因島を拠点として室町時代活躍した。

［青野春水］

近世

1600年（慶長5）関ヶ原の戦いで敗北した毛利輝元(てるもと)は、防長(ぼうちょう)2州に移封され、かわって福島正則(まさのり)が安芸(あき)、備後両国49万8000石の領主として広島城に入り、両国の近世化を推し進めた。しかし無許可で広島城を修築したという理由で1619年（元和5）改易され、かわって安芸国には浅野長晟(ながあきら)が、備後国に水野勝成(かつなり)が入封した。以後広島城主浅野氏は安芸国と備後国北部を明治初年まで支配した。入封後、福山に城を構え備後国南部10万石を支配してきた水野氏は、継嗣(けいし)なく1698年（元禄11）改易され、この地は天領となる。翌年検地の結果、旧水野領は15万石となり、さらに翌年松平忠雅(ただまさ)領（福山藩）10万石と天領5万石（上下(じょうげ)代官所支配。1717年うち2万石は中津(なかつ)領となる）に分割された。松平氏の転封により1710年（宝永7）以後、福山領10万石は阿部(あべ)領となり、1853年（嘉永6）1万石加増され、明治初年に至る。このように水野氏以後、備後国福山藩には代々譜代(ふだい)大名が配置されたが、なかでも阿部氏は正弘(まさひろ)をはじめ多くの老中を出した。

　物産としては砂鉄、藺草(いぐさ)、畳表、綿、木綿織、塩などが生産されたが、とくに綿、木綿織や畳表は福山藩のもっとも重要な物産で藩の統制を受けていた。またたびたび百姓一揆(いっき)が起こり、とくに1717～18年（享保2～3）、1786～87年（天明6～7）に起こった福山藩の惣(そう)百姓一揆は有名である。山陽道が備後国南部を通り、道中の神辺宿(かんなべじゅく)では、菅茶山(かんちゃざん)が廉塾(れんじゅく)（特別史跡）を創設し多くの子弟を教育した。なお備後国には多くの遺跡があり、なかでも備北の旧石器時代の帝釈峡(たいしゃくきょう)遺跡、備南芦田(あしだ)川河口の草戸千軒町(くさどせんげんちょう)遺跡がよく知られている。

［青野春水］

『後藤陽一著『広島県の歴史』（1972・山川出版社）』▽『『広島県史』全27巻（1972～83・広島県）』▽『福尾猛市郎監修『広島――歴史と文化』（1980・講談社）』▽『『福山市史』全3巻（1963～73・福山市史編纂会）』▽『『三原市史』全7巻（1970～　・三原市）』

[参照項目] | 広島（県） | 広島藩 | 福山藩

歌川広重『六十余州名所図会　備後　阿武門観音堂』
阿伏兎観音堂。1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵">

歌川広重『六十余州名所図会　備後　阿武…

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

<<: Poverty - Hinkon (English spelling)

>>: Bingo Nada