February Revolution (English: February Revolution)

Japanese: 二月革命 - にがつかくめい（英語表記）Révolution de Février

In February 1848, the bourgeois republicans, the petty bourgeoisie, and the workers, who had been campaigning for electoral reform, overthrew the July Monarchy and established the Second Republic. The July Monarchy's character as a bourgeois oligarchy of large financial capital strengthened under a system of limited voting rights to less than 1% of the population. In response to this, the small and medium-sized capitalist class, which had grown as a result of the Industrial Revolution, demanded an expansion of the right to vote, and the influence of socialism was growing among the working class. However, the Guizot cabinet's subservience to Britain and oppression of workers, as well as the economic crisis of 1845-47, exacerbated this situation, and reform parties demanding universal suffrage were held all over the country, and anti-government sentiment grew. In February 1848, the suppression of the reform parties in Paris led to a popular uprising, and the Guizot cabinet resigned. Louis-Philippe then went into exile, and the Provisional Republic was established (Second Republic). Socialists such as Louis Blanc joined the Provisional Government, and it was decided to guarantee the rights of workers and establish national factories. The revolution was a successor to the 1910 Revolution, which saw the establishment of the Socialist Party in 1910. The Socialists were defeated in the June Uprising, and Louis Napoleon was elected president in December 1910. The working class played an important role in this revolution, and it had a major impact on liberal and nationalist movements throughout Europe, such as the March Revolution in Germany and the Unification Movement in Italy.

Source: Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition About Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition

Japanese:

1848年２月，選挙法改革運動を行っていたブルジョワ共和派と小市民・労働者が七月王政を倒し，第二共和政を成立させた革命
七月王政では，人口の１％未満という制限選挙制の下に大金融資本のブルジョワ寡頭政の性格が強まった。これに対し，産業革命の結果成長した中小資本家層は選挙権の拡大を要求し，労働者階級の間には社会主義の影響が強まっていたが，ギゾー内閣の対英屈従外交・労働者弾圧，さらに1845〜47年の経済危機はこれに拍車をかけ，各地で普通選挙を要求する改革宴会が開かれ，反政府機運が高まった。1848年２月，パリでの改革宴会弾圧が民衆の蜂起をよび，ギゾー内閣は辞職，ついでルイ＝フィリップも亡命し，臨時共和政府が成立した（第二共和政）。臨時政府にはルイ＝ブランらの社会主義者も加わり，労働者の権利保障，国立工場設立などが決定された。しかし，ブルジョワ共和派と社会主義者との対立が激化し，六月暴動で社会主義者は敗北，12月ルイ＝ナポレオンが大統領に選ばれた。この革命には労働者階級が重要な役割を果たし，ドイツの三月革命，イタリアの統一運動など，全ヨーロッパの自由主義・国民主義の運動に大きな影響を与えた。

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