Battered child syndrome

Japanese: 被虐待児症候群 - ひぎゃくたいじしょうこうぐん(英語表記)Battered child syndrome
Battered child syndrome

What is the disease?

Battered Child Syndrome is a mental and physical health disorder in children caused by parents or caregivers, and even if the adult has no intention of harming the child, if it is harmful to the child, it is considered abuse. Both children and parents are eligible for treatment, but because they often do not seek treatment themselves, the Child Abuse Prevention Law imposes an obligation on those who notice abuse to report it, and gives child consultation centers the authority to protect children and provide guidance to parents.

Generally, it is classified into four types:

1) Physical abuse : hitting, Kick ( hair ) This includes committing violence such as choking, drowning, forcing cigarettes on the victim, or giving them poison.

2) Neglect : Failure to provide necessary care such as food, hygiene, warmth, medical care, and education.

③ Psychological abuse : Hurtful words, discriminatory treatment, ignoring a child's feelings, etc. Marital violence is also a form of child abuse.

4. Sexual abuse : Using a child as a sexual object, including forcing them to engage in sexual acts or taking pornographic photographs.

How symptoms manifest

Trauma occurs due to direct external force from violence, or from falling or bumping into something. Even if you don't intend to exert much force, your child's body Vulnerable ( Luxury ) Growth disorders are often caused by nutritional deficiencies, but can also be caused by growth hormone deficiency due to stress.

Developmental delays and impaired learning ability can result from inadequate developmental stimulation or an inability to concentrate on learning due to stress. Psychosomatic disorders ( New sign ) Emotional and behavioral problems can result from fear, anxiety and chronic stress.

It is not uncommon for this to result in death, especially in infants. The most common cause of death is trauma to the skull. When an infant is shaken forcefully, the head shakes back and forth and side to side due to weak neck muscles, causing blood vessels in the skull to burst, resulting in bleeding (shaken baby syndrome), and leading to death. Even if the infant does not die, Cerebral palsy ( Paralysis of the brain ) It leaves behind intellectual disability and visual impairment.

Other causes of death include rupture of internal organs caused by kicking or stepping on the abdomen, strangulation, and drowning. Suffocation ( Immediately ) In addition, neglect hunger ( Kiga ) Death can result from dehydration, not seeking medical care, and not preventing accidents.

Even if there are no visible after-effects, victims will lose self-esteem and trust in others, making them more likely to abuse their own children when they become parents.

What is the cause?

Every symptom a child experiences can be a direct or indirect, short-term or long-term result of something the parents have done.

When abuse occurs, four conditions are always present:

1. Children who are difficult for parents to raise: Children who are sick or disabled and require a lot of care, unwanted pregnancies, children who parents are unable to feel attached to because they were separated during the newborn or infant stages, etc. Abuse can cause symptoms such as developmental delays and emotional and behavioral problems, making parenting even more difficult.

② Excessive stress in daily life: The burden of childcare, marital conflict and discord, financial difficulties, Mother-in-law and father-in-law ( Kyuko ) (Husband's or wife's father and mother) relationships etc. are cumulative.

3) Psychosocial isolation: Parenting is done in isolation due to the lack of support from others.

4. Certain conditions make parents more likely to be abusive: Parents may have a chronic illness or disability that makes childrearing a burden, or they may have been abused as children or not experienced love from adults.

Examination and treatment methods

Children need physical and mental treatment. First, a thorough examination is conducted to check not only for injuries, but also for growth disorders, developmental delays, and emotional and behavioral problems. Children's condition improves in a short period of time if they are hospitalized or placed in a facility. Long-term treatment at daycare centers or schools is also effective.

Long-term treatment of developmental delays and emotional behavioral problems requires the involvement of professionals. In order to prevent abuse, it is necessary to improve the four conditions mentioned above. First, parents should feel less isolated by finding counselors, and then work to reduce stress in their lives.

What to do if you realize you are being abused

Please be brave and speak openly to your pediatrician, public health nurse, or child consultation center, telling them that you are "abusing them," "feeling like you're going to kill them," or "looking after them is painful," and ask for help. By talking to a specialist about the difficulties of child-rearing and working together to come up with measures to reduce the burden of child-rearing, the situation will improve little by little. If you try to do it alone under difficult child-rearing conditions, the situation will only get worse.

Michiko Kobayashi

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どのような病気か

 被虐待児症候群は、親や世話する人によって引き起こされた、子どもの心身の健康障害であり、大人に傷つける意図がなくても、子どもに有害なら虐待とみなします。子どもも親も治療の対象ですが、自ら治療を求めないことが多いために、児童虐待防止法で、気づいた者に通告義務を課し、児童相談所に子どもを保護し親を指導する権限を与えています。

 一般に、次の4型に分類されます。

①身体的虐待:殴る・()る・首を締める・水につける・たばこを押しつける・毒物を与えるなどの暴力を振るうこと。

②ネグレクト:食事・清潔・保温・医療・教育などの必要なケアを行わないこと。

③心理的虐待:心を傷つけるような言葉や、差別扱いや、子どもの心を無視するなど。夫婦間暴力も子どもへの虐待になります。

④性的虐待:子どもを性の対象として利用すること。性行為を見せることやポルノ写真をとるなども含まれます。

症状の現れ方

 外傷は、乱暴による直接の外力や、その時に倒れたりぶつかったりしたために起こります。それほど力を込めたつもりはなくても、子どもの体は脆弱(ぜいじゃく)で、重い外傷を及ぼします。発育障害は栄養不足によることが多いのですが、ストレスのための成長ホルモン分泌不全によることもあります。

 発達の遅れや学習能力の低下は、発達刺激が不適切なためや、ストレスのために学習に集中できないことが原因になります。心身症(しんしんしょう)や情緒行動問題は、恐怖心や不安や慢性ストレスによって生じます。

 死亡に至ることもまれではなく、とくに乳児では高率になっています。最多の死因は頭蓋の外傷です。乳児を強く揺すると、首の筋が弱いために頭部が前後左右に揺れ、頭蓋内の血管が切れて出血が起き(乳幼児揺さぶられ症候群)、死に至ります。死には至らなくても、脳性麻痺(のうせいまひ)や知的障害、視力障害を残します。

 他の死因は、腹部を蹴ったり踏んだりして起こる内臓の破裂、首をしめたり水に沈めることによる窒息(ちっそく)などです。また、ネグレクトでは飢餓(きが)や脱水症、医療を受けないこと、事故を予防しないことが死につながります。

 そして、たとえ目に見える後遺症がなくても、自尊感情や人への信頼感がもてなくなり、親となった時にわが子を虐待する可能性が高くなります。

原因は何か

 子どもの症状のすべてが、親が行ったことの直接的または間接的、短期的または長期的な結果といえます。

 虐待が起きる時には、いつも以下の4つの条件がそろっています。

①親にとって育てにくい子ども:病気や障害があり手がかかる子ども、望まぬ妊娠、新生児期や乳児期に離れていたために愛着をもてない子どもなどです。虐待が発達の遅れや情緒行動問題といった症状を引き起こし、さらに子育てを難しくします。

②過大な生活のストレス:育児の負担や、夫婦間の葛藤や不和、経済的な困窮、舅姑(きゅうこ)(夫または妻の父と母)関係などが累積します。

③心理社会的な孤立:育児の援助者がいなくて、孤立した育児です。

④虐待しやすい親の条件がある:親に育児が負担になるような慢性疾患や障害がある場合や、子ども時代に虐待されていたり、大人から愛された体験がない場合です。

検査と治療の方法

 子どもには心身の治療が必要です。まずは、外傷だけでなく、成長障害や発達の遅れ、情緒行動問題についての精密検査を行います。子どもの治療は、入院もしくは施設に入所して行うほうが短期間で改善します。また保育所や学校での長期的な取り組みも有効です。

 発達の遅れや情緒行動問題の治療には、専門家が長期にわたって関わることが不可欠です。虐待が起きなくなるためには、前記の4条件を改善していくことが必要であり、まずは相談者をつくることで親の孤立をなくすことから始め、次いで生活でのストレスの改善を図ります。

自分が虐待していると気づいたらどうする

 小児科医や保健師、児童相談所に、「虐待してしまう」「殺してしまいそう」「世話するのが苦痛」と、勇気を出して率直に相談し、援助を求めてください。専門家に育児のつらさを話し、いっしょに育児の負担を減らす対策を立てることで、事態が少しずつ改善していきます。困難な育児条件のままで一人でがんばろうとすると、事態は悪化します。

小林 美智子

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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