According to K. Polanyi, looking at the history of human society as a whole, there are three types of social institutions in the process of production and distribution, which have formed the mechanism of the economic process, either alone or in combination, from ancient or primitive societies to modern societies. These are: (1) reciprocity, where social groups give to each other according to a specific pattern; (2) redistribution, where things are gathered at the center of power in the society, such as a chief or king, and then given back to the members; and (3) exchange, where goods and services are exchanged between individuals and groups under a stable value system that is stable enough for the parties involved to understand the equivalence of things. Each type exists in close relation to the social structure. The city is a system created by a society in which the exchange of (3) is established. *Some terminology explanations that mention "redistribution" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…K.ポランニーによれば,人間社会の歴史全体からみると,生産と分配の過程には,三つの類型の社会制度が存在しており,古代あるいは未開の社会から現代諸社会まで,それらが単一にあるいは複合しながら経済過程の機構をつくってきた。それらは,(1)互酬reciprocity 諸社会集団が特定のパターンに従って相互に贈与しあう,(2)再分配redistribution 族長・王など,その社会の権力の中心にものが集まり,それから再び成員にもたらされる,(3)交換exchange ものとものとの等価性が当事者間で了解されるに十分なだけの安定した価値体系が成立しているもとで,個人間・集団間に交わされる財・サービス等の往復運動,の3類型であり,それぞれの類型は社会構造と密接に連関をもって存在している。市は,この(3)の〈交換〉が成立する社会がつくり出した方式である。… ※「redistribution」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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