Roman law was also applied to non-Roman citizens. "It applies to both Romans and foreigners, and is common to all nations" (Cicero). Civil law only applied to Roman citizens, and foreigners could not enjoy the benefits of Roman law. However, as Rome conquered all four sides, lawsuits between Roman citizens and foreigners, or between foreigners themselves, became frequent. In order to resolve such cases, the Praetor General for Foreigners was created, and instructed judges in the manual of procedure to take into account the common customs of the various nations and to hear and adjudicate cases in accordance with the concepts of good faith and equity, thus developing a liberal, non-formal law in contrast to the narrow, formalistic civil law. Therefore, the Universal Civil Law is not an independent international legal entity that exists above or separately from the Roman civil law. Universal law is also closely linked to natural law, as shown by Gaius' symbolic definition: "That which the law of nature has instituted among all mankind, to be equally observed by all nations and used by all peoples, is called universal law." Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
非ローマ市民にも適用されたローマの法。「ローマ市民にも外国人にも適用され,あまたの民族に共通する法」 (キケロ) 。市民法はローマ市民にのみ適用され,外国人はローマの法の恩恵を享受できなかった。しかし,ローマの四方征服につれて,ローマ市民と外国人,または外国人相互間の争訟が頻発するにいたった。そこで,このような渉外事件を解決すべく,創設された外人担当法務官は方式書において,審判人に対し諸民族に共通な慣習を参酌し,信義誠実や衡平の観念に従って,審理し判決すべきことを指示し,狭い形式主義の市民法に対し,自由な非形式主義的な法を発達させた。したがって,万民法は,ローマ市民法の上に,または市民法とは別個に存在する独立の国際法的存在ではない。また万民法は,ガイウスの「自然の理が全人類の間に制定したものはすべての国民に等しく遵守せられ,すべての民族に用いられるものであって,これを万民法という」という象徴的定義が示すように,自然法とも密接に結びついている。
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