Fan-zhen; Fan-chên

Japanese: 藩鎮 - はんちん（英語表記）Fan-zhen; Fan-chên

A local governing system with the Jiedushi as the highest authority that existed in China during the Tang, Five Dynasties and early Song dynasties. The Hexi Jiedushi first appeared in the first year of Jingyun (710). Before the An Lushan Rebellion, 10 feudal domains and towns were established on the borders, and after the rebellion, they were also established inland, bringing the number to around 45. In the Five Dynasties and early Song dynasties, the number further increased. The territory included several prefectures, and the prefectures under the jurisdiction of the Jiedushi were called Assembly Halls, and the prefectures under their jurisdiction were called Branch Commanderies. The Assembly Halls had the Jiedushi's personal guards, and in the Branch Commanderies, the outer military forces led by the Chinjo, who had a vassal relationship with the Jiedushi, were stationed at key locations called Chin. The system of military rule suppressed the civilian provincial governors and county magistrates. The central government's finances were managed by the Jiedushi, who sent taxes from within the feudal domains to the central government, a system known as shanggu, but the Jiedushi tended to be reluctant to send shanggu in order to strengthen their military power. In particular, the so-called Hebei Three Towns, Fanyang, Chengde, and Tianxiong, showed a tendency to become independent throughout the ages. In the early 9th century, Emperor Xianzong's successful suppression measures led to the dispatch of military governors from the central government and the separation of the outer township forces from the military governors, ushering in a period of stability for the Tang Dynasty. However, the Huang Chao Rebellion triggered the independence of the feudal domains, leading to the downfall of the Tang Dynasty, and the Five Dynasties Period ushered in an era of military rule in which warriors who relied on the feudal domains held power. However, the feudal domain system collapsed due to the dissolution measures of Emperor Taizu and Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，唐，五代，宋初に存在した節度使を最高権力者とする地方支配機構。景雲1 (710) 年初めて河西節度使が出現し，安史の乱前には辺境に 10藩鎮がおかれ，乱を契機に内地にも列置されて 45前後となり，五代，宋初にはさらに数を増した。複数の州を領域とし，節度使の治所州を会府，管下の諸州を支郡と称し，会府には節度使の親衛軍的な牙軍があり，支郡には節度使と主従関係をもつ鎮将の率いる外鎮軍が鎮と呼ばれた要衝に駐屯し，文官の州刺史や県令を抑制して武人支配の体制をとった。中央の財政は，上供といって，節度使による藩鎮領内の税の中央送付によったが，節度使は兵力強化のため上供を渋る傾向が強かった。特に范陽，成徳，天雄のいわゆる河北三鎮は，終始自立の動きを示した。9世紀初め，憲宗の抑圧策の成功で，中央から節度使を派遣し，外鎮軍を節度使から切り離して，一時唐の安定期を迎えたが，黄巣 (こうそう) の乱を契機に藩鎮は一斉に自立して唐は滅び，五代は藩鎮に依拠した武人が権力を握る武人政治の時代となった。しかし宋の太祖，太宗の解体策により，藩鎮体制は崩壊した。

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