A country on the eastern edge of the Indian subcontinent. Its official name is Gono Projatantri Bangladesh, or People's Republic of Bangladesh in English. It is surrounded by India to the east, north, and west, borders Myanmar (Burma) to the southeast, and faces the Bay of Bengal to the south. Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" in Bengali, and it separated from Pakistan and became independent in March 1971. It has an area of 143,998 square kilometers and a population of 158.5 million (2014). Its capital is Dhaka. [Minoru Kiryu] NatureMost of the country is alluvial land formed by the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. These two major rivers join almost in the center of the country, and in the south, a network of countless rivers, large and small, flows into the Bay of Bengal. Most of the country is low plains, except for the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the southeast, and during the rainy season, about two-fifths of the country is submerged by natural river flooding. The entire country has a subtropical climate, with high temperatures and heavy rainfall, an average annual temperature of 25-26°C, and annual precipitation exceeding 1,600 mm in all regions. The country is divided into a rainy season (May to October) and a dry season (November to April). [Minoru Kiryu] GeographyGeographically, the country can be roughly divided into four regions: the southwest, north, central, and southeast. The southwestern part west of the Brahmaputra River is a lowland delta region, and the area around the river mouth is covered with lowland marshes and scrub forests called the Sundarbans. The central city is Khurna, and other cities include Jessore, a key railway and aviation hub, and the port city of Charnā. The north is mainly highland arid, where rice is cultivated, as well as wheat and tobacco in the highlands. The area around Sylhet in the northeast is a tea-producing region second only to the Assam region of India. Other cities include Rajshahi, Pabna, and Dinajpur. The central part is mainly a rice and jute-producing region, with the capital Dhaka at its center, and cities such as Mymensingh, Tangail, and Barisal. The country's largest industrial areas, such as Narayanganj and Tungi, are located near Dhaka. The southeast is made up of rice-growing areas and hills, with cities such as Comilla and Noakhali at the center of Chittagong. Chittagong is the country's largest international trading port, and has a trade promotion industrial park to attract foreign companies, with several Japanese companies also operating there. The Chittagong Hill Tracts is home to the country's only hydroelectric power plant, and fishing is thriving in the coastal areas south of Chittagong. [Minoru Kiryu] History and politicsBangladesh, together with the plains of the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam, originally constituted a single social and cultural sphere inhabited by Bengalese people. Before India became a British colony, this region was divided into feudal lords, and the area around Chittagong was once annexed by the Arakan Dynasty of Burma. In 1905, East Bengal (now Bangladesh), West Bengal and Assam were administratively separated by British rule, and since then, East Bengal has formed its own economic and social sphere. When India and Pakistan were separated in 1947, East Bengal became the East Pakistan province of the Islamic state of Pakistan. This was because the ratio of Muslims to Hindus in East Bengal was 6:4 (which increased to 7:3 due to the mass migration of both religions at the time of the Partition of India and Pakistan). However, apart from religion, East Pakistan had nothing in common with West Pakistan, 1,600 kilometers away across India, and its ethnicities, languages, natural conditions, and lifestyles were also completely different. Furthermore, after independence, West Pakistan held the upper hand in all aspects of politics, military, administration, and economy, and East Pakistan was forced to adopt the colonial character of West Pakistan. In particular, most of East Pakistan's economy was controlled by West Pakistani conglomerates, and the processing and trade of jute, the country's main product and largest export industry, was also dominated by West Pakistani companies. In response to this situation, East Pakistan demanded the correction of the disparity, and eventually began to demand autonomy. In 1966, the Awami League, the largest political party in East Pakistan, announced the "Six Demands" which summarized East Pakistani nationalism and included the expansion of autonomy. Since then, the nationalist movement in East Pakistan has developed around the Awami League. In the general election in December 1970, the Awami League won a majority in the Central Parliament. However, fearing this, the West Pakistani military government (President Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (1917-1980)) declared the indefinite postponement of the opening of the Central Parliament, and the nationalist movement in East Pakistan rapidly developed into an independence movement. In March 1971, Mujibur Rahman, the president of the Awami League, declared the independence of East Pakistan. He was arrested immediately afterwards, but established an underground government and, with the help of the Indian army, liberated the whole of East Pakistan in December of the same year, and the People's Republic of Bangladesh was established. In January 1972, Mujibur Rahman was released from Pakistan and became the first Prime Minister. A new constitution was promulgated in December of the same year, and a new parliament was formed in March of the following year, 1973. Independence Day is March 26th. After independence, the important issues were how to secure food for the more than 80 million people and how to build an economy that would lead to self-reliance. However, apart from jute, there were no other major exports or industries, and the nation was built with more than $1 billion in foreign aid per year. Nevertheless, there was a food shortage of 2 million tons per year, and prices continued to rise, leading to continued economic difficulties. In December 1974, Prime Minister Mujibur Rahman declared a state of emergency, and in January of the following year, 1975, he amended the constitution to abolish the parliamentary cabinet system, and took office as president, establishing a dictatorial system. However, the political situation was unstable, and in August 1975, a military coup by anti-India forces took place, and President Mujibur Rahman was assassinated. After that, a turbulent period continued with repeated coups, but Chief of Army Staff Ziaur Rahman succeeded in bringing the country under control. He became president in April 1977 and attempted to revive the economy by reforming the administrative system and encouraging private investment, and promoted a policy of collective self-help among farmers to achieve food self-sufficiency. As a result, the economy stabilized, and the transition to civilian rule was realized in April 1979. However, in May 1981, President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated in an attempted coup by local commanders. Furthermore, in March 1982, another coup was carried out by Army Chief of Staff Hussain Muhammad Ershad (1930-2019). The Ershad administration subsequently held a general election under martial law in 1986 and established a new government. In November of the same year, the constitution was amended to legalize military rule, but it collapsed in 1990 when it was exposed for corruption. In February 1991, a general election was held under a neutral interim government, and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) emerged as the leading party, with party president Begum Khaleda Zia (1945-, wife of Ziaur Rahman) coming to power. In February 1996, the sixth general election was held due to the expiration of the term of office, but the opposition party, the Bangladesh Awami League (AL), boycotted the election and appealed for its invalidity, causing unrest in the country. As a result, Prime Minister Zia resigned in March of the same year, an electoral caretaker government was formed in April, and the seventh general election was held in June. As a result, the Awami League won power by 30 seats over the BNP, and Sheikh Hasina (1947-, daughter of the first Prime Minister Mujibur Rahman) became Prime Minister. Although the pro-India diplomatic line became slightly stronger, there was little change in policy, and the previous policy on economic liberalization was maintained. However, in the eighth general election held in October 2001, the four-party alliance led by the BNP won a landslide victory, winning 214 out of 300 seats, Zia returned to the prime ministerial position, and the conflict between the two parties became more serious. The BNP government then formed a four-party coalition with the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) and others, and remained in power until the end of its term in October 2006. After that, a caretaker cabinet was established based on the constitution, and a general election was scheduled to be held within 90 days, but the conflict between the two parties over the election intensified, riots and terrorism occurred in various places, and the leaders of both parties were arrested for corruption and election violations, leading to continued chaos. During that time, Fakhruddin Ahmed (1940-), the chief advisor to the caretaker cabinet, took charge of the government, declared a state of emergency across the country, and tried to settle the chaos. As a result, a general election was finally held in December 2008, with the Awami League winning by a landslide, and the Hasina administration was re-formed in January 2009. In the 10th general election in January 2014, the Hasina administration abolished the caretaker cabinet, and the opposition parties, including the BNP, boycotted the election. As a result, the Awami League won by a landslide, and Hasina became prime minister for the third term. The parliament is unicameral with a total of 350 seats. Military service is voluntary, with 126,200 troops in the army, 16,900 in the navy, and 14,000 in the air force (2014). [Minoru Kiryu] Economy and IndustryIn the 1970s after independence, the economy of Bangladesh was dominated by agriculture, mainly rice cultivation, with the majority of the working population (about 80%) engaged in agriculture and fishing, and agriculture accounted for nearly 40% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Even now, when the ratio of agricultural production to GDP has fallen to less than a quarter, the number of people working in agriculture and fishing still accounts for about 50% of the working population (2010). Agricultural products include rice, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, wheat, and vegetables. Rice is cultivated in three planting seasons: boro (December to April) in the dry season, aus (April to August) in the rainy season, and amon (August to December). Generally, rice is cultivated twice a year, but depending on the terrain, triple cultivation is possible. The ratio of cultivated area is 2:4:7, in that order, with amon cultivation being the most common. Jute cultivation was introduced by the British in the first half of the 19th century; until then, the main commercial crop in the region had been indigo, the raw material for indigo dye. However, jute cultivation increased as demand for jute increased in Europe, and by the 1910s, East and West Bengal combined accounted for 80% of world jute production. However, the decline in global demand for jute accelerated especially in the 1980s, and as a result, jute production and exports fell sharply. With the shift to a market economy and the progress of opening up to the outside world, the industrial and export structure changed, and the garment industry, which grew dramatically in the 1990s, has become the main industry. Jute and jute products accounted for 60% of exports until the early 1980s, but this had fallen to 2.9% in 2012, and in their place have been increasing sewn products (78.6% of the total), frozen shrimp, leather products, natural gas products, etc. In terms of industry, in addition to steel, chemical fertilizer, and chemical fiber industries aided by Japan, foreign-affiliated companies have moved into export processing zones established in the suburbs of Chittagong and Dhaka since 1983, producing machine parts, sewn products, fishing tackle, shoes, etc. Labor-intensive industries are developing, and the proportion of agricultural production as a percentage of GDP has been declining year by year, to 21.1% in 2007. Due to the numerous rivers, large and small, land transportation was underdeveloped, and the road network in particular only connects major cities, so transportation and shipping are still heavily dependent on inland waterways today. The railways have different track widths in the east and west, and their transport capacity is weak. In 2014, nominal GDP was $173.8 billion and gross national income (GNI) per capita was $1,080, both low, but the country has achieved an economic growth rate of over 6% since 2005. Trade: exports amounted to $26.6 billion and imports to $33.6 billion (2013), with major export items being clothing (sewn products), seafood, jute products, leather products, etc., and import items being petroleum products, textile products, machinery and equipment, steel products, cotton, grains, etc. Major export destinations include the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Italy, while major import destinations include China, India, Singapore, Japan, and South Korea. [Minoru Kiryu] Society and CultureThe main ethnic group is the Bengali, who make up 98% of the total population. The Bengalis are said to be a mixture of Dravidian and Tibetan peoples, who migrated north from South India, but many are also of Indo-Aryan descent. The official language is Bengali, written in Sanskrit. The adult literacy rate is 56.8% (2011), and the school attendance rate for children is low at 72% (2005). In terms of religion, 88% are Muslims and 10.5% are Hindus. The conflict between the two groups is deep-rooted and continues to be one of the causes of social unrest. Buddhists also live near Chittagong. The population problem is the biggest social issue in the country. The population growth rate is 1.98% per year (average 2001-2005), and they are actively working to control the population, as it will also help solve the food problem. In 2011, it dropped to 1.37% per year. [Minoru Kiryu] Relations with JapanJapan has had extremely friendly relations with East Pakistan since the time of its independence, and its economic and cultural exchanges have been even closer than those with West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan). Therefore, the Japanese government recognized Pakistan's independence immediately after it became independent and provided a large amount of official development assistance, mainly for reconstruction and relief, and has continued to provide an average of 200 million dollars per year since then. Japan's aid has played a major role in Bangladesh since the time of East Pakistan, and even before independence, Japan built chemical fertilizer plants, thermal and hydroelectric power plants, bridge construction, rayon factories, and agricultural irrigation facilities. Even after independence, Japan provided food aid, agriculture-related facilities, and infrastructure construction, and in the 1980s and 1990s, Japan was always in the top 10 in terms of the amount of aid it received from each country. In addition, many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are active, and they play a role in agricultural improvement, population planning, and living improvement. In terms of trade relations between the two countries, Japan continues to have an export surplus, but Bangladesh's exports to Japan are limited to sewn products, knitted products, and frozen shrimp, while Japan's exports are mostly industrial products such as automobiles, various machines, and chemical products. The expansion of private companies into Bangladesh is gradually increasing, but it is limited to labor-intensive small and medium-sized enterprises, mainly in export processing zones that began in earnest in the 1990s, and is slower than expansion into Southeast Asian countries. This is partly due to the country's lack of geographical and natural advantages, but the political turmoil since 2000 has had an especially large impact. There are no particular issues in diplomatic relations, but the relationship remains basically friendly, with ministerial-level visits between the two countries taking place from time to time. Regarding economic relations, the Japan-Bangladesh Economic Cooperation Committee has been established, and joint meetings are held regularly to discuss ways to promote economic cooperation. [Minoru Kiryu] "Bangladesh: The Dawn of the Indian Subcontinent" by Kiryu Minoru (1972, Jiji Press)" ▽ "The Regional Structure of Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh" by Matsui Toru and Sato Hiroshi (1986, Institute of Developing Economies)" ▽ "Bangladesh: The Political Structure of Underdevelopment" by Sato Hiroshi (1990, Institute of Developing Economies)" ▽ "The Dictionary of South Asia, Revised and Enlarged Edition, edited by Karashima Noboru et al. (2002, Heibonsha)" ▽ "The Acceptance of the Primary Education System in Rural Bangladesh" by Kusakabe Tatsuya (2007, Toshindo) ▽ "To the Land of the Saints: A History of Religious Culture in Bengal" by Togawa Masahiko (2008, Japan Broadcasting Corporation) [References] | | | | | | | | | | | [Additional resources] |"> Bangladesh flag ©Shogakukan Illustration/Shogakukan Creative "> Bangladesh location map Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
インド亜大陸の東端にある国。正称はバングラデシュ人民共和国Gono Projatantri Bangladesh、英語ではPeople's Republic of Bangladesh。東、北、西をインドに囲まれ、南東でミャンマー(ビルマ)に接し、南はベンガル湾に面する。バングラデシュとはベンガル語で「ベンガルの国」を意味し、1971年3月パキスタンから分離、独立した。面積14万3998平方キロメートル、人口1億5850万(2014)。首都はダッカ(ダーカ)。 [桐生 稔] 自然国土の大半はガンジス川とブラマプトラ川の形成する沖積地帯である。この二大河川は国のほぼ中央で合流して、その南方は大小無数の河川網となってベンガル湾に注ぐ。南東部のチッタゴン丘陵地帯を除いてほとんどが低い平地で、雨期には河川の自然氾濫(はんらん)によって、国土のおよそ5分の2が水没する。全土が亜熱帯性気候で、高温多雨、年平均気温は25~26℃、年降水量は全地域で1600ミリメートルを超え、雨期(5~10月)と乾期(11~4月)に分かれる。 [桐生 稔] 地誌地理的区分は南西部、北部、中央部、南東部の4地域にほぼ大別できる。ブラマプトラ川以西の南西部は低地デルタ地帯で、河口付近はスンダルバンとよばれる低湿地、低木林が広がる。中心都市はクールナで、ほかに鉄道、航空の要衝ジェッソール、港湾都市のチャルナがある。北部は高地乾燥地帯が主で、稲作のほか高地では小麦、タバコなどが栽培される。北東部のシレット付近は、インドのアッサム地方に続く茶の産地である。ほかにラジシャヒ、パブナ、ディナジプールなどの都市がある。中央部はおもに稲作とジュート(黄麻(こうま))の産地で、首都ダッカを中心に、マイメンシン、タンガイル、バリサルなどの都市がある。またダッカ近郊にはナラヤンガンジ、トゥンギなどこの国最大の工業地帯が広がる。南東部は稲作地帯と丘陵で、チッタゴンを中心にコミラ、ノアカリなどの都市がある。チッタゴンには、この国最大の海外貿易港があり、外資企業誘致のために貿易促進工業団地があり、数社の日系企業も進出している。チッタゴン丘陵には唯一の水力発電所があり、チッタゴン以南の沿岸部では漁業が盛んである。 [桐生 稔] 歴史・政治バングラデシュは、もともとインドの西ベンガル州およびアッサム州の平野とともに、ベンガル人の居住する一つの社会・文化圏を構成していた。この地方には、インドがイギリスの植民地となる以前は封建的藩王が割拠し、チッタゴン付近はビルマのアラカン王朝に併合されていた時代もある。1905年にイギリスの分轄統治により、東ベンガル(現、バングラデシュ)、西ベンガルおよびアッサムが行政的に分離され、それ以後、東ベンガルは独自の経済・社会圏を形成するようになった。1947年のインドとパキスタンの分離独立に際して、東ベンガルはイスラム国家パキスタンの東パキスタン州となった。これは、東ベンガルではイスラム教徒とヒンドゥー教徒の割合が6対4(印・パ分離独立時の両教徒の大量移動によって7対3に拡大)であったことによる。 しかし、インドを挟んで1600キロメートルも離れた西パキスタンとは宗教のほかに共通なものはなく、民族、言語、自然条件、生活習慣もまったく異質なものであった。そのうえ、独立後、西パキスタンが政治、軍事、行政、経済のあらゆる面で優位にたち、東パキスタンは西パキスタンの植民地的性格を強いられた。ことに東パキスタンの経済の大半は西パキスタン財閥資本が牛耳(ぎゅうじ)り、主産物で最大の輸出産業であるジュートの加工や貿易も西パキスタン系企業で占められていた。こうした状況に対し、東パキスタンは格差の是正を要求し、やがて自治を要求するようになった。 1966年、東パキスタン最大の政党アワミ連盟は、東パキスタンの民族主義を集大成して自治権拡大を盛り込んだ「6項目要求」を発表、以後アワミ連盟を中心に東パキスタンの民族運動が展開された。1970年12月の総選挙でアワミ連盟が中央議会の過半数を制したが、これを恐れた西パキスタン人の軍事政権(大統領ヤヒヤー・ハーンAgha Muhammad Yahya Khan(1917―1980))は中央議会開会の無期延期を宣言したため、東パキスタンの民族主義運動は一気に独立運動へと発展した。1971年3月アワミ連盟総裁のムジブル・ラーマンは東パキスタンの独立を宣言した。彼はその直後逮捕されたが、地下政府を樹立し、同年12月、インド軍の援助を得て東パキスタン全土を解放し、バングラデシュ人民共和国が発足した。1972年1月、ムジブル・ラーマンがパキスタンから釈放されて初代首相となり、同年12月新憲法を発布、翌1973年3月に新議会が成立した。独立記念日は3月26日。 独立後は、8000万を超える国民の食糧確保と自立への経済建設が重要課題となった。しかし、ジュートのほかには有力な輸出品や産業はなく、年間10億ドルを超える海外からの援助によって国家建設が進められた。それでも年間200万トンの食糧が不足し、物価は上昇するという経済困難が続いた。1974年12月、首相のムジブル・ラーマンは非常事態宣言を発し、翌1975年1月には憲法を改正して議院内閣制を廃止、自ら大統領に就任して独裁体制を敷いた。しかし、政局は安定せず、1975年8月反インド派による軍事クーデターが起こり大統領ムジブル・ラーマンは暗殺された。以後、再三のクーデターにより激動の時期が続いたが、軍参謀総長ジアウル・ラーマンが混乱の収拾に成功した。彼は1977年4月大統領に就任、行政機構の改革、民間投資の奨励などによって経済の回復を図り、食糧自給達成のための農民の集団自助努力政策などを推進した。この結果、経済は安定し、1979年4月には民政移管も実現した。しかし、1981年5月、地方司令官によるクーデター未遂で、大統領ジアウル・ラーマンは暗殺された。さらに、1982年3月には陸軍参謀長エルシャドHussain Muhammad Ershad(1930―2019)によるクーデターが起こった。 エルシャド政権は、その後1986年に戒厳令下で総選挙を実施、新たに政権を樹立した。同年11月には憲法を改正して、軍政を合法化したが、1990年に汚職で摘発されたのを機会に崩壊した。1991年2月に中立的な暫定政権下で総選挙が行われ、バングラデシュ民族主義党(BNP:Bangladesh Nationalist Party)が第一党となり、同党総裁ジアBegum Khaleda Zia(1945― 、ジアウル・ラーマンの妻)が政権についた。 1996年2月、任期満了に伴う第6回総選挙を実施したが、野党アワミ連盟(AL:Bangladesh Awami League)が選挙をボイコットし、選挙の無効を訴え、国内は騒乱状態となった。このため首相ジアは同年3月退陣、4月に選挙管理内閣が発足、6月に第7回総選挙が行われた。その結果アワミ連盟がBNPを30議席上回って政権を奪取、同党総裁ハシナSheikh Hasina(1947― 、初代首相ムジブル・ラーマンの娘)が首相となった。若干親インド的外交路線が強まったが、政策的にはほとんど変わらず、経済自由化については従来の政策を堅持した。しかし、2001年10月に行われた第8回総選挙ではBNPを中心とした四党連合が300議席中214議席を獲得して圧勝、ジアがふたたび首相に返り咲き、両党の対立は深刻さを増していった。BNP政権はその後、イスラム協会(JI:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami)などとの四党連立で、2006年10月の任期満了まで政権を担当した。 その後、憲法に基づき選挙管理内閣が設置され、90日以内の総選挙が実施される予定であったが、選挙をめぐって両党の対立が激しくなり、暴動やテロが各地で起こり、さらには両党党首が汚職や選挙違反を摘発されて逮捕されるなど混乱が続いた。その間選挙管理内閣の主席顧問ファカルッデインFakhruddin Ahmed(1940― )が政権を担当、全国に非常事態宣言を布告し、混乱の収拾に努めた。その結果2008年12月にようやく総選挙が実施され、アワミ連盟が圧勝し、2009年1月にハシナ政権が再組閣された。2014年1月の第10回総選挙では、ハシナ政権が選挙管理内閣を撤廃したことから、BNPをはじめとする野党が選挙をボイコット。結果、アワミ連盟が圧勝し、ハシナが3期目の首相に就任した。 議会は一院制で総議席数は350。軍隊の兵役は志願制で、兵力数は陸軍12万6200、海軍1万6900、空軍1万4000(2014)である。 [桐生 稔] 経済・産業バングラデシュとして独立後の1970年代の経済構造は稲作を中心とする農業が主体で、就業人口の多数(約80%)が農・漁業に従事し、農業は国内総生産(GDP)の40%近くを占めていた。農業生産の対GDP比が4分の1以下になった現在でも農業・漁業従事数は就業人口の約50%(2010)を占めている。農産物は、米、ジュート、サトウキビ、タバコ、小麦、野菜などである。稲作は作付期が年に3期あり、乾期作のボロ(12~4月)、雨期作のアウス(4~8月)、アモン(8~12月)に分かれ、一般的には二期作、地形によっては三期作も可能である。作付面積比は前記の順序で2対4対7でアモン作がもっとも多い。 ジュート栽培は19世紀前半にイギリスが普及したもので、それまでのこの地域のおもな商品作物は藍(あい)染料の原料となるインジゴであった。しかしヨーロッパでのジュートの需要の増加とともにジュート栽培が増加し、1910年代には東西ベンガルあわせてのジュートの生産量は世界の80%を占めるに至った。しかし、ジュートの世界需要の減少は、とくに1980年代に加速化、それに伴ってジュートの生産・輸出は急減した。市場経済化と対外開放の進展によって、産業・輸出構造は変化し、1990年代に飛躍的に発展した縫製産業が、主要産業になっている。 輸出では1980年代初頭まで60%を占めていたジュートおよびジュート製品は2012年には2.9%に減少、かわって、縫製品(全体の78.6%)、冷凍エビ、皮革製品、天然ガス製品などが増加している。工業では日本の援助による製鋼、化学肥料、化学繊維工業などのほか、1983年以降チッタゴンとダッカ郊外に設立された輸出加工区に、外資系企業が進出、機械部品、縫製品、釣具、靴などが生産されている。労働集約的な工業が発展しつつあり、相対的に農業生産の比率が2007年対GDP比で21.1%と年々低下している。 大小無数の河川があるため陸上交通は未発達で、とくに道路網は主要都市間を結んでいるにすぎず、交通・運輸は今日でも内陸水運に大きく依存している。鉄道は東部と西部で軌道幅が異なり輸送能力は弱い。 2014年の名目GDPは1738億ドル、1人当り国民総所得(GNI)は1080ドルと低いが、2005年以降の経済成長率は6%台を達成している。貿易は輸出額266億ドル、輸入額336億ドル(2013)で、おもな輸出品目は衣料品(縫製品)、魚貝類、ジュート製品、皮革品など、輸入品目は石油製品、繊維製品、機械機器、鉄鋼製品、綿花、穀物類などとなっている。おもな輸出相手国はアメリカ、ドイツ、イギリス、フランス、スペイン、イタリアなど、輸入相手国は中国、インド、シンガポール、日本、韓国などである。 [桐生 稔] 社会・文化主要民族はベンガル人で全体の98%を占める。ベンガル人は南インドからの北上民族であるドラビダ系とチベット系との混血といわれているが、インド・アーリアンの系統を引く者も少なくない。公用語はベンガル語で、文字はサンスクリット系である。成人の識字率は56.8%(2011)、児童の就学率は72%(2005)と低い。宗教はイスラム教徒が88%を占め、ヒンドゥー教徒は10.5%である。両者の対立関係は根強く、社会不安の要因の一つとなり続けている。また、仏教徒がチッタゴン付近に居住している。この国の最大の社会問題として人口問題がある。人口増加率は年1.98%(2001~2005平均)で、人口の抑制は食糧問題の解決にもつながるとして、積極的に取り組んでいる。2011年には年1.37%にまで低下した。 [桐生 稔] 日本との関係日本は東パキスタン時代からきわめて友好的な関係をもっており、経済、文化交流もむしろ西パキスタン(現、パキスタン)に比べ密接な関係であった。したがって日本政府は、独立直後に承認し、復興・救済援助を中心に多額の政府開発援助を供与、その後も年平均2億ドルの援助を継続している。 この国には東パキスタン時代から日本の援助は大きな役割を果たしており、独立以前にも化学肥料工場、火力・水力発電所、橋梁(きょうりょう)建設、レーヨン工場、農業灌漑(かんがい)施設などを建設した。独立後も、食糧援助、農業関連施設、インフラ施設など多くの援助を行い、1980、1990年代には日本の援助供与国別の金額ではつねにトップ10に入っていた。また、多くの非政府組織(NGO)の活動もあり、農業改善、人口計画、生活改善などに役割を果たしている。両国の貿易関係は、日本の輸出超過が続いているが、バングラデシュからの日本への輸出は縫製品、ニット製品、冷凍エビなどに限られ、日本からは自動車、各種機械、化学製品など工業製品が多い。民間企業の進出は、徐々に増えているが、1990年代に本格化した輸出加工区を中心に労働集約型中小企業に限られており、東南アジア諸国への進出に比べ緩慢である。地理的・自然条件に優位性が低いこともあるが、とくに2000年以降の政治的混乱が影響している。 外交関係には特別な課題はないが、基本的には友好関係が続いており両国の閣僚級訪問も随時行われている。なお、経済関係では「日本・バングラデシュ経済協力委員会」が設置されており、定期的に合同会議をもち、経済協力関係促進について協議されている。 [桐生 稔] 『桐生稔著『バングラデシュ――インド亜大陸の夜明け』(1972・時事通信社)』▽『松井透・佐藤宏著『バングラデシュ米作の地域構造』(1986・アジア経済研究所)』▽『佐藤宏著『バングラデシュ――低開発の政治構造』(1990・アジア経済研究所)』▽『辛島昇他監修『南アジアを知る事典 新訂増補』(2002・平凡社)』▽『日下部達哉著『バングラデシュ農村の初等教育制度受容』(2007・東信堂)』▽『外川昌彦著『聖者たちの国へ――ベンガルの宗教文化誌』(2008・日本放送協会)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | [補完資料] |"> バングラデシュの国旗 ©Shogakukan 作図/小学館クリエイティブ"> バングラデシュ位置図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Anna Mihaylovna Pankratova (English spelling)
On this day, the Awashima Hall in the grounds of ...
〘 noun 〙 A bottle filled with gasoline or other li...
...Jibu-ni is known as a local dish in the Kanaza...
…[Yamazaki Harane]. … *Some of the terminology th...
A town in Anpachi County in the southwest of Gifu ...
The capital of Guam Island, facing Agana Bay on th...
This approximately 30km long road branches off fro...
…(5) Worm gear A type of gear used between skew s...
…The latex secreted from the cut ends of the bran...
...The Sicilian School had already adopted the Pr...
Retired SDF personnel who are obligated to serve ...
A song by the British rock band, The Beatles. It w...
Born: April 10, 1829, Nottingham [Died] August 20,...
A manga by Hideo Yamamoto. It depicts the encounte...
...In the early Edo period, the Shogun gave prior...