The act of detecting the location of an object by applying sound waves to it and listening to the echoes. This is also called echolocation. The shorter the wavelength of the sound used for echolocation, i.e. the higher the frequency, the smaller the object can be detected. Also, the echo from a nearby object returns in a short time, so the duration of the sound used for echolocation must be short. Bats emit short, millisecond-long ultrasonic calls of 20,000 to 100,000 Hz, which allow them to fly away from wires with a diameter of less than 0.3 mm and to catch small insects such as mosquitoes. Dolphins can detect fish in complete darkness using ultrasonic waves of up to 170,000 Hz. Echolocation is also known to birds such as the nightjar. [Akira Murakami] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物体に音波を当て、反響によってその物体の位置を知ること。エコロケーションともいう。反響定位に用いられる音の波長が短いほど、つまり周波数が高いほど、小さい物体を検出することができる。また、近い物体からの反響は短時間内に返ってくるため、反響定位に用いられる音は持続時間が短い必要がある。コウモリは、2万ヘルツから10万ヘルツの超音波からなる数ミリ秒の短い叫び声を発し、その反響によって、直径0.3ミリメートル以下の針金を避けて飛んだり、カ(蚊)のような小さい昆虫をとらえたりする。イルカは17万ヘルツに達する高い周波数の超音波を用いて完全な暗黒中でも魚をとらえることができる。反響定位はアブラヨタカのような鳥にも知られている。 [村上 彰] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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