A tall tree of the Euphorbiaceae family (APG classification: Euphorbiaceae), it can reach a height of 30 meters. It is native to the Amazon region. The compound leaves have three leaflets on long stalks. The leaflets are oblong to elliptical-lanceolate, with pointed tips, 10-30 cm long and 5-12 cm wide. The panicles are about 25 cm long and grow axillary, with male flowers at the bottom and female flowers at the top. Both flowers lack petals, and the calyx is green and has 5-6 lobes. Each inflorescence usually produces one fruit, which is a capsule narrowed into three lobes and dehisces when ripe. Each lobe contains one seed, which is oblong, speckled, and 2.5-3cm long. Rubber is produced from a latex obtained by injuring the trunk of a tree that is more than six years old after planting. The nodes of the trunk contain lacteal ducts, which are incised every morning or every other day with a curved knife, without damaging the cambium, and the white latex that flows out is collected in containers and transported to the factory. Hevea trees prefer hot, humid, deep soil rich in humus. At 10 years old, 400-620 kilograms of rubber can be produced per hectare. [Hiroshi Yuasa June 23, 2020] Cultural historyThe name Para rubber comes from the fact that it was exported from the port of Para (now Belem) at the mouth of the Amazon River. Since prehistoric times, Indians have used it to waterproof containers and play balls. In Europe, it was used for waterproofing, but in 1770, the British J. Priestley discovered its use as an eraser. The range of applications expanded when the American C. Goodyear discovered a hardening method by adding sulfur in 1839. This caused the price of rubber to rise, and in Brazil, where the Para rubber tree is native, the government banned the movement of seedlings and the export of seeds in order to maintain a monopoly. In 1875, the British Henry A. Wickham smuggled out 70,000 seeds he had collected in the Amazon basin, falsely claiming to the Brazilian customs office. The following year, 1919 seedlings grown at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, were sent to Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and the era of cultivated rubber began. One of the original trees from that time still remains in the Colombo Botanical Gardens in the same place. Seedlings were transported to Singapore in 1877, and Southeast Asia developed into a major rubber tree producing region, while Brazil's natural rubber industry declined rapidly in the 1910s. [Hiroshi Yuasa June 23, 2020] [References] | , Kew | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
トウダイグサ科(APG分類:トウダイグサ科)の高木で高さ30メートルに達する。原産はアマゾン地域。複葉は3小葉で、長い柄をもつ。小葉は長楕円(ちょうだえん)形から楕円状披針(ひしん)形で、先端はとがり、長さ10~30センチメートル、幅5~12センチメートル。長さ25センチメートルほどの円錐(えんすい)花序を腋生(えきせい)し、下部に雄花、上部に雌花をつける。両花ともに花弁を欠き、萼(がく)は緑色で5、6裂する。果実は1花序に普通は1個実り、蒴果(さくか)は3室にくびれ、熟すと裂開する。種子は各室に1個ずつ含まれ、長楕円形で斑紋(はんもん)があり、長さ2.5~3センチメートル、ゴムは定植後6年以上たった木の幹を傷つけて得る乳液から生産する。幹の節部には乳管があり、先の曲がった小刀を使って、形成層を傷つけない程度に、毎朝または1日置きに傷をつけ、流れ落ちる白い乳液を容器に集め、工場に運ぶ。パラゴムノキは高温多湿で腐植質に富む深い土壌を好む。10年生で1ヘクタール当り400~620キログラムのゴムがとれる。 [湯浅浩史 2020年6月23日] 文化史パラゴムの名はアマゾン河口のパラ(現ベレン)の港から輸出されたことにちなむ。先史時代からインディオたちは容器の防水や遊戯用のボールなどに利用していた。ヨーロッパでは防水用に使われていたが、1770年にはイギリスのプリーストリーJ. Priestleyが消しゴムとしての利用をみいだした。応用範囲が広がったのは、1839年にアメリカのグッドイヤーC. Goodyearが硫黄(いおう)を加えた硬化法を発見したことによる。このためゴムの値段は上昇し、パラゴムノキの自生地のブラジルでは、政府が、独占のため、苗の移動や種子の輸出を禁止した。イギリスのヘンリー・ウィッカムHenry A. Wickhamは1875年、アマゾン流域で集めた7万粒の種子をブラジル税関に偽って運び出した。翌年キュー王立植物園で育てられた苗が1919本セイロン(スリランカ)に送られ、栽培ゴムの時代が幕を開けた。そのときの原木の1本は現在も同地のコロンボ植物園に残る。1877年にはシンガポールにも苗木が運ばれ、東南アジアはパラゴムノキの大生産地に発展し、ブラジルの天然ゴム産業は1910年代に急速に衰えた。 [湯浅浩史 2020年6月23日] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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