A method of prisoner monitoring facilities devised by the British utilitarian philosopher and legal scholar Jeremy Bentham. It is translated as a panopticon. Panopticon is a compound word of the Greek words pan (all) and optikos (visual). The principle is that there is a watchtower in the center of the building, and the prisoners' cells are partitioned and arranged radially toward the center. The cells only have one window facing the watchtower and another facing the outside of the building, and each cell is separated by a partition. The prisoners are always visible due to the light beam from the tower, and are watched by guards in the tower's watchhouse. Prisoners are not allowed to come into contact with other prisoners. Prisoners are aware that they are always being watched by guards, but are unable to know what the guards are up to. In his book The Theory of Penalty, Bentham proposed the panopticon as an ideal prison and recommended its adoption by the government. He also tried to implement the plan himself with his own funds, but Parliament rejected his proposal. However, the panopticon was soon adopted by prisons around the world as an effective surveillance facility by a small number of guards. It became widely known when French philosopher Michel Foucault introduced it in his book The Birth of the Prison: Surveillance and Punishment (1975). Foucault sees the panopticon as a symbolic embodiment of the system of surveillance and indoctrination of many individuals by a powerful minority in modern society. [Hiroshi Kume] "The Birth of the Prison: Surveillance and Punishment" by Michel Foucault, translated by Tamura Hajime (1977, Shinchosha) " "The Panopticon of Japan: A Society of Bureaucratic and Collectivist Rule" by Gun Hiroshi (1994, Sanichi Shobo) [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの功利主義哲学者、法学者であるジェレミー・ベンサムが考案した刑務所の囚人監視施設の方式。一望監視施設と訳される。panopticonはギリシア語のpan(全)とoptikos(視覚の)の合成語。 その原理は、建物の中心に監視塔があり、その中心に向けて囚人の独房が放射状に仕切られて配列されている。独房には監視塔に面した窓と、建物の外に向かった窓があるだけで、各独房は仕切りで隔離されている。囚人の姿は塔からの光線を受けてつねに見えるようになっており、塔の監視所にいる看守から監視されている。囚人はほかの囚人と接触することはできない。囚人は看守からつねに監視されていることを意識しているが、看守のようすは知ることができない。 ベンサムは著書『刑罰理論』でこれを理想的な刑務所として提案し、政府にその採択を進言した。また自らも自己資金で計画を実現しようとしたが、議会は彼の提案を採択しなかった。しかしやがてこのパノプティコンは、少数の監視者による有効な監視施設として、各国の刑務所で採用されるようになった。 フランスの哲学者ミシェル・フーコーがその著書『監獄の誕生――監視と処罰』(1975)のなかでこれを紹介したことによって、広くその名が知られるようになった。フーコーはこのパノプティコンを、近代社会で権力をもつ少数者による多数の個人の監視と教化の仕組みを象徴的に具現したものとみなしている。 [久米 博] 『ミシェル・フーコー著、田村俶訳『監獄の誕生――監視と処罰』(1977・新潮社)』▽『郡洋著『日本のパノプティコン――官僚主義支配と集団主義支配の社会』(1994・三一書房)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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