Steel is the material used to make springs. The properties of a spring are evaluated first by its elastic limit (the maximum stress at which it returns to its original shape after being unloaded). Spring steel is classified into plate (strip) and bar (wire) based on its shape, and there are many different standards, but here we will discuss it from the perspective of processing methods and heat treatment. (1) Spring steel for hot forming Often used for large springs such as leaf springs and torsion bars, it is hot formed into a specified shape beforehand, then quenched at about 850℃ and tempered at about 500℃. To increase the elastic limit, it has a higher silicon content than ordinary steel, and alloy steel with good quenchability is used for large items. If the surface is decarburized during heat treatment, the fatigue strength decreases, so it is strengthened by spraying hard particles (shot peeing). (2) Spring steel for cold forming This steel is heat-treated to adjust the structure, then drawn at room temperature to improve its strength, and then processed into coils and other springs. There are two types of heat treatment methods: (a) Oil-tempering (short for oil-quenching and tempering), which involves heating to about 900°C, quenching in oil, and then tempering to 400-500°C. This steel has dispersed granular carbides. (b) Red-hot steel is slowly cooled to create a pearlite structure in which carbides are arranged finely in layers. The former type of steel wire is called oil tempered wire, and the latter is generally called hard steel wire. A typical example of the latter is piano wire, in which the heated wire is immersed in a molten lead bath. This heat treatment is called patenting. [Hajime Sudo] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ばねの材料となる鋼。ばねの特性は、まず弾性限(除荷後に負荷前の形に戻る最大応力)で評価される。その素材のばね鋼は、形状から板(帯)と棒(線)に分類され、多種の規格があるが、ここでは加工法と熱処理の観点から述べる。 (1)熱間成形用ばね鋼 板ばねやトーションバー等の大型ばねに多く使用され、あらかじめ所定の形状に熱間成形したあと、約850℃から焼入れ、約500℃で焼戻しをする。弾性限を高めるために一般の鋼よりシリコン含有を高くし、大型品用には焼入れ性のよい合金鋼が用いられる。熱処理の際に表面が脱炭すると疲労強度が低下するので、硬質粒子を吹きつけて(shot peeing)強化する。 (2)冷間成形用ばね鋼 あらかじめ熱処理を施して組織を整えたあとに、室温で伸線加工して強度を向上させたものをコイルなどのばねに加工して使用する鋼である。熱処理の方法には次の2種類がある。(a)オイルテンパー(oil-quenching and temperingの略)といって、約900℃に加熱後に油焼入れし、これを400~500℃に焼戻しをする方法。この鋼は粒状炭化物が分散している。(b)赤熱した鋼を徐冷して炭化物が層状微細に配列したパーライト(pearlite)組織とする方法。 前者の鋼線をオイルテンパー線、後者は一般に硬鋼線といわれている。後者の代表的なものがピアノ線であり、加熱線を溶融鉛浴に漬浸する。この熱処理をパテンティングpatentingという。 [須藤 一] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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