Nose

Japanese: 鼻 - はな
Nose

In humans, the nose is a part of the respiratory tract for nasal breathing, a sensory organ for the sense of smell, and a resonator for vocalization. Generally, the nose is divided into the external nostril (commonly known as the nose) that protrudes from the center of the face and the nasal cavity inside it, and the entire nose is made up of bones, cartilage, and nose bridge.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Part names and structures

When viewed from the front, the human external nose is a three-sided cone shape, with the apex called the nasal root and the concave part below it called the nasal root. The nasal root is located between the two eye sockets. The blunt ridge that continues from the nasal root is called the nasal bridge (written in katakana in anatomical notation). The most prominent part at the tip of the nasal bridge is the nasal tip. The parts that bulge out on either side of the tip and surround the external nostrils are the nasal alars, also called the nostrils. The upper third of the nasal bridge is made up of the nasal bone, but the rest of the external nose is made of cartilage. There is a pair of nasal bones, which are thin rectangular bones that form the base of the nasal bridge. A pair of triangular flat lateral nasal cartilages extend from the lower edge of the nasal bone, forming the anterior wall of the external nose, but do not reach the external nostrils. Outside the lateral nasal cartilages, there is a pair of greater alar cartilages, which form the alar and external nares. The shape of the external nose is determined by the shape of the nasal bones and nasal cartilages, but this varies greatly from person to person. The wall that divides the nasal cavity into left and right along the midline is the nasal septum, which consists of a bony part and a cartilaginous part. The posterior upper part of the nasal septum is occupied by the vertical plate of the ethmoid bone, and the posterior lower part is occupied by the vomer. The nasal septum cartilage is located in front of these bones. When the anterior edge of this cartilage extends to the dorsum of the nose, it transitions into the left and right lateral nasal cartilages. The anterior lower end of the nasal septum cartilage is called the movable part of the nasal septum, and it is quite mobile. The nasal septum cartilage often bends to one side of the midline. This is known as a deviated septum, and narrowing of the common nasal cavity occurs on the side of the deviated septum. If this disease causes respiratory problems, it must be corrected by surgery. At the rear of the nasal ala, there are an indefinite number of small alar cartilages following the rear end of the greater alar cartilage, and there is a small vomeronasal cartilage at the lower edge of the anterior end of the vomer bone, so there are many cartilages involved in the formation of the nasal septum and external nose.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Nasal cavity

The shape of the nasal cavity is the same as that formed by the surrounding bone structure. At the back of the nasal cavity, there is the posterior nasal cavity (the exit of the nasal cavity), which leads to the pharyngeal cavity. The nasal septum, which divides the nasal cavity into left and right, is composed of three parts from the front: the membranous part, the cartilaginous part, and the bony part. The left and right nasal cavities are divided into the inner cavity surrounded by the nasal ala, i.e. the nasal vestibule, and the proper nasal cavity that extends behind it. The nasal vestibule is covered by skin that continues to the nasal ala. There are short, thick nasal hairs here, and the skin contains sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands (vestibular glands). The outer part of the boundary where the nasal vestibule enters the proper nasal cavity is elevated, and this is called the nasal limit. In the latter half of the nasal vestibule, there are no nasal hairs or sweat glands. The inner surface of the nasal cavity is covered by a thick mucous membrane that is rich in blood vessels. There is an area under the mucous membrane corresponding to the anterior inferior part of the nasal septum that is prone to nosebleeds, clinically known as Kiesselbach's area (named after the German clinician W. Kiesselbach (1839-1902)).

There are three protrusions that protrude from the outer wall of the nasal cavity toward the inner cavity like eaves, and they are called the superior turbinate, middle turbinate, and inferior turbinate. Turbinate means a shell-like bone, and the superior turbinate is the smallest of the three. The atrophied uppermost turbinate can sometimes be seen behind and above the superior turbinate. The passages below each turbinate are called the superior, middle, and inferior meatus. These meatus form a common nasal passage toward the nasal septum. This is called the common meatus. The nasal passages join at the back and pass through the nasopharyngeal meatus to the posterior nostril and then exit to the pharynx. The length of the nasal cavity in Japanese people is 7.5 cm for men and 6.5 cm for women, the height is 4.6 cm for men and 4.3 cm for women, and the width is 1.5 cm for men and 1.3 cm for women (according to Osugi Kiyoshi).

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Nasal mucosa

The nasal mucosa is divided into a respiratory area and an olfactory area. The respiratory area occupies most of the lower part of the nasal mucosa, and this area is rich in blood vessels and has a pale pink color. In particular, a venous network is developed from the lower edge of the middle turbinate to most of the inferior turbinate, and is called the turbinate cavernous plexus. This venous plexus is connected to capillaries from small arteries. Smooth muscles are developed in the walls of the blood vessels of the venous plexus, and they act as a kind of sphincter muscle. In other words, it is thought that the smooth muscles contract in a sensitive response to changes in the outside temperature, causing congestion of the mucosa. The mucosa is covered with multi-row ciliated epithelium, and the direction of its ciliary movement is toward the posterior nares. In humans, this movement reaches 250 times per minute. Numerous nasal glands are distributed in the submucosal tissue inside the mucosa, and they secrete serous fluid and mucus (commonly known as nasal mucus and runny nose). The idea that nasal mucus comes from the nasal mucosa was first proposed by German anatomist CV Schneider in the 17th century. Prior to that, it was believed that nasal mucus was produced in the brain and flowed through the pituitary gland into the nasal cavity. Dust and bacteria in the inhaled air are adsorbed by this mucus, then enveloped in mucus and sent to the pharynx. The dust removal capacity of this mucus is said to be 50-80%.

The olfactory region is located in a part of the upper nasal cavity, namely, in its outer and inner walls. The mucous membrane of this region (the olfactory mucosa) is yellowish brown and can be seen with the naked eye. Its area is said to be 500 square millimeters. Bipolar olfactory cells are arranged in the olfactory mucosa and are responsible for the sense of smell. Cellular processes extend from the olfactory cells toward the center, and these come together to form the olfactory nerve. In addition, supporting cells, basal cells, etc. are arranged in the olfactory mucosa.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Paranasal sinuses

The skull bones that make up the nasal cavity contain cavities that connect to the nasal cavity. These are called paranasal sinuses, and their internal walls are covered with the same mucous membrane as the olfactory mucosa. The shape, size, and opening of the paranasal sinuses are the same as those of the bony paranasal sinuses that make them up. There are four paranasal sinuses (maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid). The largest of these is the maxillary sinus, located in the maxilla, which opens posterior to the semilunar hiatus in the middle meatus. The maxillary sinus begins to develop before birth and becomes larger as we age. The frontal sinus is located in the frontal bone and opens at the anterior end of the semilunar hiatus. The sphenoid sinus is located in the sphenoethmoid bone and opens into the sphenoethmoid recess. The ethmoid sinuses are numerous cavities in the ethmoid labyrinth. The anterior part opens into the middle meatus through the ethmoid funnel, the intermediate part into the middle meatus, and the posterior part into the superior meatus. There is a pair of sinuses, but the shape and size of the left and right sides are not necessarily symmetrical. The role of the sinuses is to assist in vocalization as a resonator, so if mucus or pus accumulates in the cavity and you develop sinusitis, the effect of resonance is weakened and you end up with a nasal voice. The sinuses also help to reduce the weight of the skull. The maxillary sinus is a common site for sinusitis, because the opening faces upwards, making it difficult for pus to drain. In addition to this, the nasolacrimal duct opens into the inferior meatus. The nasolacrimal duct begins from the lacrimal sac at the innermost part of the orbit. In other words, the nasal meatus is connected to the lacrimal sac and conjunctiva through the nasolacrimal duct.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Characteristics of the human nose

A protruding external nose is a human characteristic, but even among humans there are individual and racial differences. Furthermore, the shape of the nose is closely related to facial features. There are several explanations for why humans have a protruding nose. One is that, compared to other mammals, humans have a significantly more developed braincase, but in comparison, their facial skull is smaller and is said to be in a state of degeneration, which makes the protruding nose characteristic. In addition, otorhinolaryngologist Ryo Takahashi explains that, although the human nasal septum tends to develop up and down, there is a lack of room in the nasal cavity, which makes it easy for the nasal septum to deviate, and at the same time, the nasal septum cartilage develops in the direction of least resistance (forward), resulting in a protruding nose (1970).

From a racial perspective, the external nose of Asians is said to be low and wide, while the external nose of Westerners is said to be high and narrow. The shape of the nostrils also varies from circular to oval in the case of low noses (generally oval in the case of Japanese). In the case of high noses, the nostrils are long from front to back and narrow. Various measurement points are used to determine the size of the external nose, including: (1) nasal root point: the intersection of the nasofrontal suture and the midline, located slightly above the medial canthus; (2) subnasal point: the intersection of the lower edge of the nasal septum and the skin surface of the upper lip; (3) nasal tip point: the apex of the nasal tip; (4) nasal alar point: the outermost part of the nasal ala. In medicine and anthropology, the height of the nose refers to the length between the nasal root point and the subnasal point. In common parietal terms, the height of the nose often refers to the distance between the nasal tip point and the subnasal point, so it is necessary to distinguish between these two. The width of the nose is the distance between the two alar points, and the length of the nose is the distance between the root and tip of the nose. The shape of the nasal bridge also varies between individuals and between different races, and can be described as straight, convex, concave, aquiline, hooked, etc. Racial types are also distinguished, including Greek, Roman, Jewish, Mongoloid, and Negroid.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Nose in animals

The olfactory receptors of vertebrates are the organs of the nose, but in amphibians and above they are also part of the respiratory system. The primitive nose is an olfactory cavity formed by an invagination of the epidermis at the tip of the body, the surface of which is covered by the olfactory epithelium, which consists of olfactory cells and their supporting tissue, and the olfactory epithelium is distributed with olfactory nerves.

Among invertebrates, the cephalochordate amphioxus is an exception in that it has a single olfactory pit located on the dorsal side of the anterior end of the body, biased to the left due to the presence of the dorsal fin.

In vertebrates, in fish lampreys, a single nasal tube with a deep olfactory cavity is connected to the dorsal side of the body by a nostril, and ends in a blind end at the rear, but an olfactory sac with olfactory epithelium opens in the center of the nasal tube. In elasmobranchs, a pair of nostrils is located on the ventral side of the snout end, and leads to a nasal cavity with a well-developed olfactory cavity. There is no connection between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity, but the nasal cavity is lined with many olfactory plates (leaf-shaped olfactory epithelium). In teleosts, a pair of nostrils is located on the lateral or ventral surface of the snout end, and is divided into two, the anterior nostril and the posterior nostril, by thin skin, which facilitates the entry and exit of water. Eels and morays, which are said to have the most excellent sense of smell among teleosts, have large, long nasal cavities and many olfactory plates, but in fish with highly developed eyesight such as pufferfish, the nasal cavity is almost degenerated and there are few olfactory plates.

The nasal cavity of amphibians opens to the outside world through the external nostrils and to the front of the upper wall of the oral cavity through the posterior nostril. In reptiles and above, part of the oral cavity becomes the nasopharyngeal meatus due to the formation of a new palate, and the nasal cavity first becomes the nasopharyngeal meatus via the old posterior nostril, which then opens into the pharyngeal cavity via the neo-posterior nostril. On the inner and outer walls of the nasal cavity, there are bony folds covered with mucous membrane called nasal turbinates, which are well developed in mammals. Even among mammals, the development of the nasal turbinates is remarkable in even-toed ungulates, odd-toed ungulates, and carnivores, which have a keen sense of smell. In other words, the shape and folds of the nasal turbinates are complex, and odorous substances inhaled into their recesses are prevented from being expelled with the air, so even odorous substances below the threshold are accumulated after several breaths, resulting in a keen sense of smell. Primates have a poorer sense of smell and fewer nasal turbinates. Also, some crocodiles, birds, and mammals have sinuses inside the bones surrounding the nasal cavity that connect to the nasal cavity.

In terrestrial amphibians and above, there is a pair of pouch-like organs called Jacobson's organs on the sides of the nasal cavity, the inner surface of which is covered with olfactory epithelium and is related to the sense of smell. In amphibians, it opens into the nasal cavity, and in reptiles, it is well developed in lizards and opens into the oral cavity. In mammals, Jacobson's organs are developed in monotremes and marsupials and open into the nasal cavity and oral cavity, but are not found in humans.

[Tsuneo Yamaguchi]

[Reference items] | Smell | Olfaction | Nosebleed | Rhinitis | Deviated nasal septum | Sinusitis
Nose shape
©Shogakukan ">

Nose shape

Nose structure
©Shogakukan ">

Nose structure

Locating the Sinuses
©Shogakukan ">

Locating the Sinuses

Location of the nasolacrimal duct
©Shogakukan ">

Location of the nasolacrimal duct

Vertebrate Nose
©Shogakukan ">

Vertebrate Nose


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ヒトにおいては呼吸器として鼻式(びしき)呼吸の気道の一部となるほか、嗅覚(きゅうかく)をつかさどる感覚器、発声の際の共鳴器ともなる部位をいう。一般に鼻は、顔面の中央部に突出している外鼻(がいび)(いわゆる鼻)とその内部の鼻腔(びくう)とに分けられ、鼻全体は骨、軟骨、鼻筋(びきん)で構成されている。

[嶋井和世]

部位名称と構造

ヒトの外鼻は、前面から見ると3面からなる錐体(すいたい)形をしており、その頂点に相当する部分を鼻根点とよび、その下方にあるくぼんだ部分を鼻根とよぶ。鼻根は、ちょうど両眼窩(がんか)の間に位置している。この鼻根から続く鈍縁な稜線(りょうせん)を鼻背(びはい)(ハナスジ。解剖学表記では片仮名)とよぶ。鼻背の先端でもっとも突出している部分が鼻尖(びせん)(ハナサキ)である。鼻尖の両側に膨れ出して外鼻孔を囲んでいるのが鼻翼で、小鼻(こばな)(コバナ)ともよばれる。鼻背の上3分の1は鼻骨で占められているが、外鼻のそのほかは軟骨でできている。鼻骨は1対あり、鼻根の基盤となる長方形の薄い骨である。鼻骨の下縁からは1対の三角形状の扁平(へんぺい)な外側鼻軟骨が続き、外鼻前壁を形成しているが、外鼻孔までは届かない。外側鼻軟骨の外側には1対の大鼻翼軟骨があり、鼻翼と外鼻孔をつくっている。鼻骨と鼻軟骨の形状によって外鼻の形状が決められるが、これには個人差が著しい。鼻腔を正中線で左右に分ける壁が鼻中隔で、骨部と軟骨部とからなる。すなわち、鼻中隔の後上部は篩骨(しこつ)の篩骨垂直板が占め、後下部は鋤骨(じょこつ)が占めている。これらの骨の前部に鼻中隔軟骨がある。この軟骨の前縁は鼻背まで伸びると、左右の外側鼻軟骨に移行していく。鼻中隔軟骨の前下端は鼻中隔可動部と名づけられ、よく動く。鼻中隔軟骨は、しばしば正中線よりもどちらかに曲がることがある。これが、いわゆる鼻中隔彎曲症(わんきょくしょう)で、彎曲側の総鼻道腔に狭小が生じる。この疾患によって、呼吸上の障害がおこるときは、手術によって矯正する必要がある。なお、鼻翼の後部では、大鼻翼軟骨の後端に続いて不定数の小さい小鼻翼軟骨があるし、鋤骨の前端下縁には小さい鋤鼻軟骨があるなど、鼻中隔や外鼻の形成に関与している軟骨は多い。

[嶋井和世]

鼻腔

鼻腔の形状は周囲の骨格によって形成された形そのままである。鼻腔の後方には、咽頭腔(いんとうくう)に抜ける後鼻孔(鼻腔の出口)がある。鼻腔を左右に分ける鼻中隔は、前方から膜性部、軟骨部、骨部の三つによって構成される。左右の鼻腔は鼻翼に囲まれた内腔、すなわち鼻前庭と、その奥に広がる本来の鼻腔とに分かれる。鼻前庭は鼻翼に続く皮膚によって覆われている。ここには短くて太い鼻毛があり、皮膚には皮脂腺(ひしせん)とアポクリン汗腺(前庭腺)とがある。鼻前庭から固有の鼻腔に入る境の部分の外側部は高まっていて、ここを鼻限とよぶ。鼻前庭の後半部では、鼻毛も汗腺も存在しなくなる。鼻腔の内面は、血管が豊富に分布している厚い粘膜によって覆われている。鼻中隔の前下方に相当する粘膜下では鼻出血(鼻血(はなぢ))をおこしやすい部位があり、臨床的にはキーゼルバッハの部位(ドイツの臨床医キーゼルバッハW. Kiesselbach(1839―1902)にちなむ)とよばれている。

 鼻腔の外側壁からは内腔に向かって3個の突出物が庇(ひさし)のように出ており、それぞれ上鼻甲介(こうかい)、中鼻甲介、下鼻甲介という。甲介とは、貝殻状の骨という意味で、三つのなかでは上鼻甲介がもっとも小さい。上鼻甲介の後上方に、萎縮(いしゅく)した最上鼻甲介を認めることもある。おのおのの甲介の下の通路を上鼻道、中鼻道、下鼻道という。これらの道は鼻中隔に向かって共通の鼻道をつくっている。これを総鼻道とよぶ。また、各鼻道は後方で合して鼻咽道を経て後鼻孔から咽頭に抜ける。なお、日本人の鼻腔の長さは男7.5センチメートル、女6.5センチメートル、高さは男4.6センチメートル、女4.3センチメートル、幅は男1.5センチメートル、女1.3センチメートルとされている(大杉清による)。

[嶋井和世]

鼻粘膜

鼻粘膜は呼吸部と嗅部とに区分される。呼吸部は鼻粘膜の下部の大部分を占めるが、この領域は血管分布に富み、淡紅色をしている。とくに中鼻甲介下縁から下鼻甲介の大部分には静脈網が発達しており、鼻甲介海綿叢(そう)とよばれる。この静脈叢には小動脈からの毛細血管が連絡している。静脈叢の血管壁には平滑筋が発達していて、一種の括約(かつやく)筋の働きをしている。つまり、平滑筋は外気の温度変化に対して鋭敏に反応して収縮し、粘膜の充血をきたすと考えられるわけである。粘膜は多列線毛上皮に覆われ、その線毛運動の方向は後鼻孔に向かっている。ヒトの場合、この運動は1分間に250回に達する。粘膜の内部の粘膜下組織には多数の鼻腺が分布しており、漿液(しょうえき)や粘液(いわゆる鼻汁(はなじる)、鼻水(はなみず))を分泌している。鼻水が鼻粘膜から出るという考えは、17世紀になって初めて、ドイツの解剖学者シュナイダーC. V. Schneiderによって提唱された。それ以前は、鼻水は脳で生産され、下垂体(脳下垂体)を通って鼻腔に流れてくると信じられていた。吸気中の塵埃(じんあい)や細菌などはこの粘膜に吸着されたあと、粘液に包まれて咽頭に送られる。この除塵能力は50~80%であるという。

 嗅部は鼻腔上部の一部、すなわち、その外側壁と内側壁とに局在している。この部の粘膜(嗅粘膜)は黄褐色を呈し、肉眼的にも認められる。その面積は500平方ミリメートルという。嗅粘膜内には双極性の嗅細胞が配列し、嗅覚をつかさどっている。嗅細胞からは中枢に向かう細胞突起が出て、これが集まって嗅神経となる。このほか、嗅粘膜には支持細胞、基底細胞などが配列している。

[嶋井和世]

副鼻腔

鼻腔を構成している周囲の頭蓋骨(とうがいこつ)には、鼻腔に通じる空所がある。これらを副鼻腔といい、その内部の壁も嗅粘膜と同一の粘膜に覆われている。副鼻腔の形状、大きさ、開口部などは、これをつくっている骨性副鼻腔と同形である。副鼻腔は4個ある(上顎洞(じょうがくどう)、前頭洞、蝶形骨洞(ちょうけいこつどう)、篩骨洞(しこつどう))。このうち最大のものは上顎骨内にある上顎洞で、これは中鼻道の半月裂孔の後部に開いている。上顎洞は出生前から発育し始めるもので、老年になるほど大きくなる。前頭洞は前頭骨内にあり、半月裂孔の前端に開口している。蝶形骨洞は蝶形骨内にあり、蝶篩陥凹に開く。篩骨洞は篩骨迷路の中にある多数の空洞で、前部は篩骨漏斗(ろうと)を通って中鼻道へ、中間部は中鼻道へ、後部は上鼻道へ開く。副鼻腔はそれぞれ1対あるが、左右の形状、大きさなどはかならずしも対称的ではない。副鼻腔の役割は、共鳴器として発声を助けるものであるため、空洞内に粘液や膿(のう)が貯留して、副鼻腔炎(蓄膿症)にかかると、共鳴の効果が減弱して、いわゆる鼻声となる。副鼻腔は、また、頭蓋の軽減にも役だっている。副鼻腔炎では、上顎洞が好発部位となるが、これは、開口部が上を向いているので膿が排出しにくいことによっている。鼻道には、このほか、下鼻道に鼻涙管が開口している。鼻涙管は眼窩の最内側にある涙嚢(るいのう)から始まる。つまり、鼻道は鼻涙管を通じて涙嚢や結膜と連絡していることとなる。

[嶋井和世]

ヒトの鼻の特性

外鼻が突出しているのはヒトの特徴であるが、ヒトにおいても個人差や人種差がある。また、鼻の形状は、容貌(ようぼう)とも深い関係をもっている。人間の鼻が突出している理由については、次のような説明がなされている。その一つは、ヒトは一般の哺乳(ほにゅう)動物に比較して脳頭蓋の発達が著しいが、そのわりに顔面頭蓋が小さく、むしろ退化的傾向にあるとされているため、その分だけ外鼻の突出が特徴的になるというものである。また、耳鼻咽喉(いんこう)科医である高橋良(りょう)は、ヒトの鼻中隔は上下に発達する傾向をもつが、鼻腔に余裕がないため、鼻中隔彎曲を生じやすいと同時に、抵抗の少ない方向(前方)への鼻中隔軟骨の発達がみられ、その結果として、外鼻の突出がおこると説明している(1970)。

 鼻を人種的にみると、東洋人の外鼻は低くて幅が広く、欧米人の外鼻は高くて幅が狭いとされている。また、鼻孔の形も、低い鼻では円形から横に長い楕円(だえん)形となる(日本人では一般に卵形とされる)。高い鼻では鼻孔も前後に長く、幅も狭くなる。外鼻の大きさを決めるための計測には、次のようなさまざまな計測点が用いられる。すなわち、(1)鼻根点 鼻前頭縫合と正中線との交点。内眼角のやや上方にあたる、(2)鼻下点 鼻中隔の下縁と上唇の皮膚表面とが交わる点、(3)鼻尖点 鼻尖の最頂点、(4)鼻翼点 鼻翼の最外側部、などである。医学、人類学でいう鼻の高さとは、鼻根点と鼻下点の間の長さをいう。俗に、鼻の高さというときは、鼻尖点と鼻下点との距離をさす場合が多いから区別をしておく必要がある。また、鼻の幅とは両鼻翼点間の長さであり、鼻の長さとは鼻根点と鼻尖点との間の長さである。鼻背の形状にも個人差や人種差がみられ、直(ちょく)鼻、凸(とつ)鼻、凹(おう)鼻のほか、鷲鼻(わしばな)、鉤鼻(かぎばな)などの形状的表現が用いられる。また、人種的な種類としては、ギリシア型、ローマ型、ユダヤ型、モンゴロイド型、ネグロイド型などが区別されている。

[嶋井和世]

動物における鼻

脊椎(せきつい)動物の嗅(きゅう)受容器であるが、両生類以上では呼吸器の一部でもある。原始的な鼻は体の先端の表皮が陥入した嗅窩(きゅうか)で、その表面は嗅細胞とその支持組織からなる嗅上皮で覆われ、嗅上皮には嗅神経が分布している。

 無脊椎動物でも、例外的に頭索類のナメクジウオでは、1個の嗅窩が体の前端背側にあって、背びれの存在によって左寄りに偏在している。

 脊椎動物になると、魚類のうちヤツメウナギ類では、嗅窩の深くなった1個の鼻管は鼻孔で体の背側に連絡し、その後部は盲端に終わるが、鼻管の中央部には嗅上皮を備えた嗅嚢(きゅうのう)が開口している。板鰓(ばんさい)類では1対の鼻孔が吻(ふん)端の腹側にあって、嗅窩の発達した鼻腔(びこう)に通じている。鼻腔と口腔との連絡はないが、鼻腔内には嗅板(葉状の嗅上皮)が多数並んでいる。真骨類では1対の鼻孔は吻端の側面あるいは腹面にあって、薄い皮膚によって前鼻孔と後鼻孔の二つに分かれ、水の出入に都合よくなっている。真骨類のなかでもっとも優れた嗅覚をもつといわれるウナギやウツボなどでは、大きな長い鼻腔をもち嗅板の数も多いが、フグ類のように視覚の発達した魚では鼻腔がほとんど退化し、嗅板の数も少ない。

 両生類の鼻腔は外鼻孔で外界に、後鼻孔で口腔上壁の前部に開口している。爬虫(はちゅう)類以上では、新口蓋(しんこうがい)の形成によって口腔の一部が鼻咽道(びいんどう)になり、鼻腔は旧後鼻孔を経てまず鼻咽道になり、鼻咽道はさらに新後鼻孔を経て咽頭腔に開く。鼻腔の内部外側壁には、粘膜に包まれた骨のひだがあって、鼻甲介(びこうかい)とよばれ、哺乳(ほにゅう)類でよく発達している。哺乳類でも嗅覚の鋭敏な偶蹄(ぐうてい)類、奇蹄類、食肉類では鼻甲介の発達が著しい。すなわち、鼻甲介の形とひだが複雑で、そのくぼみに吸い込まれた嗅物質が空気とともに排出されることが妨げられるので、閾値(いきち)以下の嗅物質でも数回の呼吸でそれらが蓄積され、鋭敏な感覚が生ずるようになっている。霊長類では嗅覚が劣り、鼻甲介の数も少ない。また、ワニ類、鳥類、哺乳類のあるものでは鼻腔を囲む骨の内部に副鼻腔とよばれる腔洞があるが、これは鼻腔に連絡している。

 陸生両生類以上の鼻腔側方には、1対のヤコブソン器官とよばれる嚢状の器官があって、その内面は嗅上皮に覆われ、嗅覚に関係する。両生類では鼻腔に開き、爬虫類ではトカゲ類でよく発達して口腔に開いている。また、ヤコブソン器官は哺乳類では単孔類や有袋類に発達し、鼻腔と口腔に開口しているが、ヒトではみられない。

[山口恒夫]

[参照項目] | かぐ | 嗅覚 | 鼻血 | 鼻炎 | 鼻中隔彎曲症 | 副鼻腔炎
鼻の形態
©Shogakukan">

鼻の形態

鼻の構造
©Shogakukan">

鼻の構造

副鼻腔の位置
©Shogakukan">

副鼻腔の位置

鼻涙管の位置
©Shogakukan">

鼻涙管の位置

脊椎動物の鼻
©Shogakukan">

脊椎動物の鼻


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