Calorific value

Japanese: 発熱量 - はつねつりょう(英語表記)calorific value
Calorific value

The amount of heat generated when a unit weight of fuel is completely combusted.

The calorific value of coal is calculated by burning 1 gram of a constant humidity sample in an adiabatic bomb calorimeter, absorbing the generated heat into a certain amount of water, and calculating it from the temperature rise of the water. This calorific value is called the gross calorific value, and the value obtained by subtracting the condensation latent heat of the water generated from the hydrogen in the coal and the water originally contained in the coal is called the net calorific value. Coal is calculated on a constant humidity basis, but coke is calculated on an anhydrous basis.

The calorific value of aviation gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and heavy oil is measured using a bomb calorimeter in the same way as for solids, but the sample amount is adjusted so that the calorific value released in the bomb is 6,300 to 7,000 calories. For non-volatile samples such as diesel and heavy oil, about 0.6 to 0.7 grams are taken, and for volatile samples such as gasoline, 0.4 to 0.5 grams are taken.

Calorimeters of various types, including flowing water type, hydrostatic type, and explosion type, are used to measure the calorific value of fuel gas, but the flowing water type is the most accurate. This involves applying the heat of combustion of gas burning at a constant rate to water at a constant flow rate, and calculating the total calorific value from the temperature rise of the water, its flow rate, and the flow rate of the gas. Junkers type calorimeters are widely used.

Calorific value is the most important indicator of a fuel's performance, and the classification of lignite, subbituminous coal, and bituminous coal is based on calorific value according to JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) (JIS M 1002-1978). Lignite is defined as coal with a calorific value of less than 30,560 kilojoules per kilogram, subbituminous coal as less than 33,910 kilojoules per kilogram, and bituminous coal as anything above that. In commercial fuel transactions, prices are often determined per unit calorific value.

[Ouchi's Earl, Toshihiro Aramaki]

[Reference] | Combustion | Fuel

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

単位重量の燃料が完全燃焼したとき発生する熱量をいう。

 石炭の発熱量は恒湿試料1グラムを断熱式ボンブ熱量計中で燃焼して、発生熱量を一定量の水に吸収させ、水の温度上昇より計算する。この発熱量を総発熱量または高発熱量gross calorific valueといい、これから、石炭中の水素から生成する水および本来含まれている水分の凝縮潜熱を引いたものを真発熱量または低発熱量net calorific valueという。石炭の場合には恒湿基準であるが、コークスの場合には無水基準で示す。

 航空ガソリン、灯油、軽油および重油の発熱量は、固体と同じくボンブ熱量計が用いられるが、試料量はボンブ内での放出熱量が6300~7000カロリーとなるよう調整する。軽油、重油など不揮発性試料では約0.6~0.7グラム、ガソリンなどの揮発性試料では0.4~0.5グラムをとる。

 燃料ガスの発熱量は流水型、静水型、爆発型などの熱量計が用いられるが、流水型がもっとも精度が高い。これは、一定流速の水に一定状態で燃焼するガスの燃焼熱を与えて、水の温度上昇とその流量およびガスの流量から総発熱量を計算する。ユンカース型熱量計が多用されている。

 発熱量は燃料の性能を表すもっとも重要な指標であり、褐炭、亜瀝青炭(あれきせいたん)、瀝青炭の区分はJIS(ジス)(日本工業規格)では発熱量による(JIS M 1002-1978)。発熱量は1キログラム当り3万0560キロジュール未満を褐炭、同3万3910キロジュール未満を亜瀝青炭、それ以上を瀝青炭とする。燃料の商取引においては、単位発熱量当りで値段が決定される場合が多い。

[大内公耳・荒牧寿弘]

[参照項目] | 燃焼 | 燃料

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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