Fine - Fine

Japanese: 罰金 - ばっきん
Fine - Fine

It is a punishment that deprives criminals of their financial interests, and did not exist before the introduction of European legal systems. It was first stipulated in the old Penal Code promulgated in 1880 (Meiji 13). The current Penal Code stipulates that fines must be more than 10,000 yen, and can be reduced to less than 10,000 yen (Penal Code Article 15). The old Penal Code stipulated that the minimum fine was 20 yen, but the Temporary Measures Law for Fines, etc. of 1948 (Showa 23) raised the minimum to 50 times that amount, to 1,000 yen, and in 1972 it was raised to 200 times that amount, to 4,000 yen, and in 1991 (Heisei 3) the revision of the Penal Code and the Temporary Measures Law for Fines, etc. raised it to 500 times that amount, to 10,000 yen. The penalty, which is one of the property penalties along with fines, is categorized by the amount, ranging from 1,000 yen to less than 10,000 yen. Those who cannot pay the fine in full will be detained in a workhouse attached to the penal institution for a period of one day to two years (Article 18 of the Penal Code, Article 287 of the Penal Detention Facility Law). The purpose of a fine is to have a punitive and intimidating effect by inflicting economic loss without restricting freedom. For relatively minor crimes, it is considered useful as a punishment to avoid the disadvantages of short-term imprisonment, and plays the most important role among penalties. However, it is not possible to expect educational effects from a fine, and it also results in an unfair burden depending on the difference between rich and poor. However, it is inconvenient to impose a fine according to the economic status that is unrelated to criminal responsibility. Therefore, a pro rata fine system was considered, in which the number of days for the fine is calculated according to the responsibility, and then the amount of the fine for one day is determined according to the criminal's economic status, and a pro rata fine system was enacted in Northern Europe, Latin America, Germany, Switzerland, and other countries. The introduction of a pro rata fine was also considered in Japan during the drafting of the revised Penal Code, but was ultimately not adopted.

[Oide Yoshitomo]

[Reference item] | Fines | Criminal penalties | Property penalties | Temporary Measures Law on Fines, etc.

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

犯罪者の財産的利益の剥奪(はくだつ)を内容とする刑罰であり、ヨーロッパ法制の導入以前にはなく、1880年(明治13)公布の旧刑法で初めて定められた。現行刑法は、罰金を1万円以上とし、1万円以下に減軽することもできるとしている(刑法15条)。旧刑法では最下限を20円と定めていたが、1948年(昭和23)の罰金等臨時措置法で50倍の1000円に引き上げられ、1972年には200倍の4000円に、さらに1991年(平成3)の刑法改正および罰金等臨時措置法改正により500倍の1万円となった。罰金とともに財産刑の一つである科料は、1000円以上1万円未満で、金額により区別される。罰金を完納できない者は、1日以上2年以下の期間、刑事施設に付置されている労役場に留置され、労働を科せられる(刑法18条、刑事収容施設法287条)。罰金刑は、自由を拘束することなく、経済的な損失を与えることによって、懲罰的、威嚇的効果をあげることを目的とする。比較的軽微な犯罪については、短期自由刑の弊害を避けるための刑罰として有用視され、刑罰中もっとも主要な役割を果たしている。しかし、罰金刑に教育的効果を期待することはできず、貧富の差によって負担に不公平な結果を生じることにもなっている。とはいえ、刑事責任とは無関係な経済状態に応じて罰金を言い渡すということは不都合である。そこで、責任に応じて罰金日数を算定し、そのうえで、犯罪者の経済状態に応じて1日分の罰金額を定めるという方法で罰金刑を言い渡す日割罰金制が考えられ、北欧、中南米、ドイツ、スイスなどで法制化されてきた。日本でも、改正刑法草案の立案過程で導入が検討されたが、最終的には採用されなかった。

[大出良知]

[参照項目] | 科料 | 刑罰 | 財産刑 | 罰金等臨時措置法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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