Basque is a language spoken in the Pyrenees region on the border between France and Spain. It is distributed between the Romance languages of the Indo-European language family, but is thought to be a completely separate language. There have been attempts to link it to Caucasian and Berber languages, and some say it is a remnant of Iberian, but the question of its origin has not yet been resolved. There are about 600,000 speakers, but there are considerable dialect differences. In recent years, a standard language has been established and it is also used in education. There are documents from the 16th century onwards, and literature in Basque flourished from the late 19th century. The phonology is five vowels (including diphthongs), with a somewhat wide variety of fricatives and affricates. Predicate verbs are placed at the end of a sentence, and affixes that correspond to not only the subject but also the object (direct and indirect) are used. Adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify, and nouns can be definite or indefinite, but there is no "gender." The noun that is the subject of the action expressed by a transitive verb takes a different case (the so-called "ergative case") than that used for intransitive verbs. [Yasuhito Yukawa] "Introduction to Basque Language: Language, Ethnicity, and Culture" by Shimomiya Tadao (1979, Taishukan Shoten) " "Basque Dictionary" by Tobe Saneyuki (1996, Tairyusha) " "Basque Legends: Reading the Basque Language" by Yoshida Hiromi (1994, Daigaku Shorin) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスとスペインの国境のピレネー山脈地方で話される言語。インド・ヨーロッパ語族のロマンス語派の言語圏に挟まれて分布しているが、これとはまったく別系統の言語であると考えられる。カフカス諸語やベルベル諸語に結び付ける試みがなされたり、イベリア語の残存ではないかとする説があったりするが、系統問題はまだ解決されていない。話し手人口は約60万人を有するが、方言差がかなり大きい。近年標準語が制定され、教育にも用いられている。16世紀以降文献があり、19世紀末からバスク語による文学が栄えた。音韻は、母音が五つ(二重母音もある)で、摩擦音・破擦音がやや多種である。述語動詞は文末にたち、主体のみならず目的語(直接および間接)に呼応する接辞が用いられる。形容詞は被修飾名詞の後にたち、名詞には定・不定の区別があるが「性」はない。他動詞の表す行為の主体にあたる名詞は、自動詞に対するそれとは異なる格(いわゆる「能格」)をとる。 [湯川恭敏] 『下宮忠雄著『バスク語入門――言語・民族・文化』(1979・大修館書店)』▽『戸部実之著『バスク語辞典』(1996・泰流社)』▽『吉田浩美訳注『バスクの伝説――バスク語を読む』(1994・大学書林)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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