Avignon Papal Palace - Avignon Papal Palace

Japanese: アビニョン教皇庁 - あびにょんきょうこうちょう
Avignon Papal Palace - Avignon Papal Palace

The Papacy was established in Avignon in the south of France for seven generations from 1309 to 1377. The cause of the transfer of the Pope is said to be the division of the College of Cardinals after the death of Boniface VIII (1303), which made it difficult to elect a new Pope, and the interference of the King of France in the aftermath of the Anagni affair, but the anarchy that arose in the Papal States in Italy also contributed to this.

Clement V, Bishop of Bordeaux (reigned 1305-1314), who was elected Pope as a neutral supporter of the rivalry between Rome and France, gave up on entering Rome due to the interference of King Philip IV of France, and established a temporary papacy in Avignon in the County of Provence (1309). During the three subsequent reigns of Pope John XXII (reigned 1316-1334), Benedict XII (?-1342, reigned 1334-1342), and Clement VI (1291-1352, reigned 1342-1352), a fortress-like palace and city walls were constructed, and in 1348 the entire city was purchased by the Countess of Provence (Queen of Naples and Sicily) for 80,000 gold florins, and by the time of the next reign, Innocentius VI (?-1362, reigned 1352-1362), an impregnable Papal city had been completed. The internal structure was improved and expanded through three major reforms in the areas of justice, administration, and finance, and this, combined with the commercial and financial activities of southern France, brought about a period of material prosperity in stark contrast to the impoverishment of France during the Hundred Years' War. During the reigns of Urban V (c. 1310-1370, reigned 1362-1370) and Gregory XI (c. 1329-1378, reigned 1370-1378), who were patrons of the arts and sciences, the elegant tastes and humanism introduced by the Parisian court during the reigns of Pope Clement VI developed, and Rome became a major center of Western European culture.

On the other hand, the possibility of his return to Rome was constantly growing throughout the period, and with the strong urging of the poet Petrarch and Saint Catherine, he was temporarily restored (1367-1370) by accumulating financial and military power, and finally realized after a trial in 1377. However, after his return, the College of Cardinals split again, and French popes came into conflict with Rome, leading to the Second Avignon Period, which lasted from Clement VII (1378-1394) to Benedict XIII (c. 1342-1423). This period, criticized by the Italians as the "Babylonian Captivity" of the popes (named after the forced migration of ancient Jews to Babylon) and commonly known as the "Avignon Prison", is considered a period of decline for the papacy, but it has recently been reevaluated as the founding period of a centralized, modern church.

[Rinsuke Hashiguchi]

Avignon Papal Palace (Papal Palace)
A Gothic palace where the Pope lived in the 14th century. Part of the World Heritage Site "Historic District of Avignon: Palace of the Papal States, Bishops' Monuments and Avignon Bridge" (France, registered in 1995) Avignon, France ©Shogakukan ">

Avignon Papal Palace (Papal Palace)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1309年から1377年まで7代の間、南フランスのアビニョンに設置されていたローマ教皇庁。教皇遷座の原因は、ボニファティウス8世の死(1303)後に枢機卿(すうきけい)団が分裂し教皇選挙が困難になったことと、アナーニ事件の事後処理に絡んでフランス王が干渉してきたことに求められるが、さらにイタリアの教皇領に生じた無政府状態がこれを助長した。

 ローマ・フランス対抗関係の中立派として教皇に選出されたボルドー司教クレメンス5世(在位1305~1314)は、フランス王フィリップ4世の干渉下でのローマ入りを断念し、プロバンス伯領内のアビニョンに教皇庁を仮設した(1309)。続くヨハネス22世(在位1316~1334)、ベネディクトゥス12世Benedictus Ⅻ(?―1342、在位1334~1342)、クレメンス6世Clemens Ⅵ(1291―1352、在位1342~1352)3代の間に城砦(じょうさい)風大宮殿と市城壁が建造され、1348年にプロバンス女伯(ナポリ・シチリア女王)より金貨8万フローリンで全市が購入され、次のインノケンティウス6世Innocentius Ⅵ(?―1362、在位1352~1362)時代までに難攻不落の教皇領都市が完成した。司法、行政、財政の三大改革による内部機構の整備拡充も進められ、南フランスの商業、金融活動と結び付いて、百年戦争中のフランスの窮乏と対照的な物的繁栄を極めた。学芸の保護者であったウルバヌス5世Urbanus V(1310ころ―1370、在位1362~1370)とグレゴリウス11世Gregorius Ⅺ(1329ころ―1378、在位1370~1378)の治世には、クレメンス6世以来導入されたパリ宮廷風の優雅な趣味とヒューマニズムが発達し、西欧文化の一大中心地となった。

 他方ローマ帰還の可能性は全期間を通じてつねに高まり、詩人ペトラルカ、聖女カタリナらの強い要請もあり、財力、軍事力の蓄積によって一時的に復帰し(1367~1370)、その試行後1377年に至ってようやく実現をみた。しかし、帰還後ふたたび枢機卿団の分裂により、フランス人教皇がローマと対立して、1378~1394年のクレメンス7世から、1394~1423年のベネディクトゥス13世Benedictus ⅩⅢ(1342ころ―1423)までの第二次アビニョン時代を招いた。イタリア側から教皇の「バビロン捕囚」(古代ユダヤ人がバビロンに強制移住させられた故事にちなむ)と批判され、また一般に「アビニョンの幽囚」として知られるこの時代は、教皇権の衰退期とされるが、最近、中央集権的、近代的教会の創始期として再評価されている。

[橋口倫介]

アビニョン教皇庁(教皇宮殿)
14世紀にローマ教皇が居住したゴシック様式の宮殿。世界文化遺産「アビニョン歴史地区:法王庁宮殿、司教関連建造物群およびアビニョン橋」の一部(フランス・1995年登録) フランス アビニョン©Shogakukan">

アビニョン教皇庁(教皇宮殿)


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