House of Hashem - Hashim (English spelling)

Japanese: ハーシム家 - ハーシムけ(英語表記)Hāshim
House of Hashem - Hashim (English spelling)
A general term for the descendants of Muhammad's great-grandfather, Hashim. Hashim was a pioneer of Mecca's caravan trade, and his son Abdul Muttalib (Muhammad's grandfather) was a key figure in the defense of Mecca during the Abyssinian (Ethiopian) army's attack. The Hashim family was one of the most honored families among the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. After Muhammad began to preach Islam, the family was temporarily isolated due to the Quraysh's anti-Muhammad movement, but Muhammad's success brought the family even more honor and wealth. After Muhammad's death, his cousin and son-in-law, Ali, was nominated as the fourth caliph, and although he fought against the Umayyads and lost, his descendants were treated with honor by the general public and sometimes led anti-government movements. At the end of the Umayyad dynasty, the descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas organized an anti-Umayyad movement and founded the Abbasid Caliphate. There are still many people in the Islamic world today who claim to belong to the House of Hashem (sharif, plural ashraf), mainly the descendants of Ali and Abbas. From the 11th century until 1925, Mecca was under the control of a branch of the Hashemite family, and after World War I, this family gained kingship over Iraq, Syria, and Jordan. Today, however, only Jordan remains a monarchy.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ムハンマドの曾祖父ハーシムの子孫の総称。ハーシムはメッカの隊商貿易の開拓者,その子アブドゥル・ムッタリブ (ムハンマドの祖父) はアビシニア (エチオピア) 軍によるメッカ攻撃の際の防戦の立役者で,ハーシム家はメッカのクライシ族のなかでも最も名誉ある家系の一つであった。ムハンマドがイスラムを説きはじめたのち,クライシ族の反ムハンマド運動のため,一時孤立したが,ムハンマドの成功によって一族は一層の名誉と富を得た。ムハンマド没後,彼の従弟で女婿であるアリーが第4代カリフに推され,ウマイヤ家と抗争して敗れはしたものの,その子孫は一般の人々から名誉ある扱いを受け,ときに反政府運動の先頭に立つこともあった。ウマイヤ朝末期に,ムハンマドの叔父アッバースの子孫が反ウマイヤ朝運動を組織してアッバース朝を創建した。このアリーとアッバースの子孫を中心として,ハーシム家に属すると主張する人々 (シャリーフ,複数形アシュラーフ) は今日でもイスラム圏に少なからずいる。また,11世紀から 1925年まで,メッカはハーシム家の一家系の支配下にあり,第1次世界大戦後この一族は,イラク,シリア,ヨルダンの王権を獲得した。しかし,今日ではヨルダンだけに王制が続いているにすぎない。

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