The name baobab comes from the Swahili language and is sometimes used as a general term for the Adansonia genus, but it usually refers to the A. digitata L. species native to tropical Africa. The digitata species is a deciduous tall tree with a thick trunk and a unique shape that is described as looking like a carrot planted upside down. There are known giant trees that reach a height of 18 meters and a trunk diameter of 9 meters, and are estimated to be 2000 years old. The leaves are palmately compound, with 5 to 7 leaflets at the ends of the branches and about 12 centimeters long. The flower stalk is long and drooping, and produces white, five-petaled flowers with a diameter of 15 centimeters. There are many stamens, which are fused at the base into a tube and puff-like shape. The fruit is elliptical with a long diameter of 10 to 40 centimeters, covered with a hard outer cartilage densely covered with fine hairs, and inside there are many seeds about 1 centimeter in diameter wrapped in pulpy flesh. In its native habitat, the sour flesh is used in soft drinks, the young leaves are edible, the seeds are edible and medicinal, and the bark is used as fiber. In addition to this species, six other species are known in Madagascar and two in Australia. The beautiful, bottle-shaped tree form of the Madagascan A. za H. Bn., A. fony H. Bn., and A. grandidieri is particularly unique within the genus. [Akira Yoshida] useThe native Africans protected the baobab and used it for many purposes. The hard fruits were used for containers. The pulp around the seeds contains tartaric acid and is sweet and sour, and can be eaten as is or dissolved in water to make a soft drink. It is also rich in vitamin C. It is also used as a rubber coagulant; pastoralists mixed it with milk to coagulate it, and ate it, or burned it to protect their cattle from horseflies and other pests. It was used as a sweating agent to cool down during high fevers. The seeds were crushed and cooked to make porridge, or mixed with millet to make meal. The native Australians also ate Adansonia gregorii (A. gregorii F. v. Muell) raw or roasted. The seeds are rich in fats and oils, and baobab oil is extracted from them. It is a yellow, non-drying oil with a good flavor, and is also used to make soap. The young leaves are used to thicken stews. In Africa and Madagascar, it was used to make ropes, horse chestnuts, and strings for folk instruments, and in Cameroon it was used as a tanning agent for leather. In Africa, old tree hollows were used to store food and mummify corpses. In Australia, indigenous peoples chewed the spongy wood to obtain moisture during the dry season. Currently in East Africa, African elephants living in protected areas with restricted movement cut trunks with their tusks to obtain moisture during the dry season. [Hiroshi Yuasa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
バオバブの名はスワヒリ語名に由来し、バオバブ属Adansonia植物の総称として用いられる場合もあるが、普通は熱帯アフリカ原産のディギタータ種A. digitata L.をさす。ディギタータ種は幹の太い独特な樹形の落葉高木で、その姿は逆さまに植えられたニンジンと形容される。樹高18メートル、幹の直径9メートルに達し、樹齢2000年と推定される巨木も知られている。葉は掌状複葉で、枝の先端につき、小葉は5~7枚あり、長さ約12センチメートル。花柄は長く、下垂し、径15センチメートルの白色の5弁花をつける。雄しべは多数あり、基部が筒状に癒合し、パフ状となる。果実は長径10~40センチメートルの楕円(だえん)形で、細毛の密生した堅い外果皮で覆われ、内部にはパルプ状の果肉で包まれた径1センチメートルほどの種子が多数ある。原産地では、酸味のある果肉が清涼飲料水に用いられるほか、若葉は食用、種子は食用・薬用、樹皮は繊維料として利用されている。 バオバブ属には、本種のほかマダガスカルに6種、オーストラリアに2種が知られている。マダガスカル産のA. za H. Bn.やA. fony H. Bn.およびA. grandidieriのみごとなとっくり形の樹形は、本属のなかでもとりわけ特異なものである。 [吉田 彰] 利用アフリカの先住民はバオバブを保護下に置き、多目的に利用する。堅い果実は容器に使う。種子の周りのパルプ質は酒石酸などを含み、甘酸っぱく、そのまま食べたり、水に溶かして清涼飲料をつくる。ビタミンCも多い。また、ゴムの凝固剤にも使われ、牧畜民は牛乳に混ぜて凝固させ、食用にし、燃やしてアブなどの害虫からウシを守った。高熱時の発汗剤として熱冷ましに利用した。種子は砕いて炊き、粥(かゆ)にしたり、ミレットと混ぜてミールにした。オーストラリアの先住民もアダンソニア・グレゴリーA. gregorii F. v. Muellを生食あるいは炒(い)って食用にした。種子は油脂に富み、それからバオバブオイルがとれる。黄色い不乾性油で、風味があり、せっけんの原料にもされた。若い葉はシチューを濃くするのに用いられる。アフリカやマダガスカルではロープや馬の腹当、民族楽器の弦に使われ、カメルーンでは皮なめしのタンニン剤として利用された。アフリカでは古い樹洞を食料の貯蔵庫や死体をミイラにするのに利用した。オーストラリアでは先住民が乾期にスポンジ状の木部をかじり、水分を得た。現在東アフリカでは、移動を制限された保護域内のアフリカゾウが、乾期に牙(きば)で幹を傷つけ、水分の供給源にしている。 [湯浅浩史] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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