Cor pulmonale

Japanese: 肺性心 - はいせいしん(英語表記)Cor Pulmonale
Cor pulmonale
[What kind of disease is it?]
It occurs when the lungs, blood vessels in the lungs, and the nerves, muscles, and rib cage that support the lungs' function are damaged, increasing the burden on the right ventricle that sends blood to the lungs and causing its function to decline. The direct cause is pulmonary hypertension, in which the pulmonary arteries harden and blood pressure rises.
The flow of blood in the heart is such that blood returning to the heart first enters the right ventricle, then passes through the blood vessels of the lungs and accumulates in the left ventricle, from which it is sent to the entire body. In cor pulmonale, the blood vessels of the lungs become hard and narrow, increasing the burden on the right ventricle, which is located in front of them, and eventually its function declines. There is no good treatment for this disease, and it is difficult to cure.
[Cause]
Divided into acute and chronic, most acute cases are acute pulmonary embolism, which can be cured if diagnosed and treated early, but delayed treatment can be life-threatening. The rest are chronic, occurring when many lung diseases progress, when the blood vessels in the lungs are damaged (primary pulmonary hypertension) or chronic pulmonary embolism (chronic pulmonary embolism), when the thorax is deformed, or when the nerves controlling the respiratory muscles are abnormal.
[Symptoms]
Acute pulmonary embolism, also known as acute cor pulmonale, develops with sudden breathing difficulties, and in some cases, may cause a drop in blood pressure, temporary loss of consciousness, or sudden death. It may also be accompanied by chest pain.
With chronic cor pulmonale, symptoms such as shortness of breath when exercising, fatigue, loss of appetite, and swelling of the face and legs appear and progress gradually.
[Testing and diagnosis]
If you have acute pulmonary embolism, you should seek medical attention as soon as possible.
In chronic cases, right ventricular failure may be discovered by a doctor's examination. It is diagnosed by chest X-rays, which show enlargement of the pulmonary artery and cardiac shadow. When the condition progresses to a certain extent, abnormalities also appear in the electrocardiogram, and an echocardiogram (cardiac ultrasound examination (" Ultrasound of the Heart (Echocardiogram) It is also diagnosed by the pulmonary artery catheterization, which involves inserting a thin tube into the heart to measure the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery.
[Treatment]
There are various underlying diseases, and the first priority is to treat the underlying disease.
If the amount of oxygen in your arteries is reduced, you will need to continue to inhale oxygen. This is called home oxygen therapy (HOT) and can be covered by your health insurance.
If there is a lung infection such as bronchitis or pneumonia, it must be treated thoroughly as it can worsen cor pulmonale. If the burden on the right ventricle becomes even greater, diuretics are administered orally or by injection, and in severe cases, the patient is hospitalized and given inotropic drugs by intravenous drip.
●Precautions in daily life If breathing difficulties suddenly occur, the possibility of acute pulmonary embolism must be considered along with heart disease and lung disease. With chronic cor pulmonale, excessive exertion (various movements in daily life) must be avoided and salt intake must be restricted. Also, great care must be taken to avoid catching a cold.
●Prevention Acute pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot formed in the leg flows to the lung and gets stuck when the leg is suddenly moved after not moving for a long time. Therefore, it can be prevented by walking occasionally during a long car or airplane ride. Also, if you have ever experienced swelling in one leg, you may be in a state where blood clots are likely to form in your leg, so you should see a specialist.
Among chronic cor pulmonale, primary pulmonary hypertension, which is caused by pulmonary vascular disorders, has no known cause and there is no way to prevent it.
However, most common lung diseases are often caused or aggravated by smoking, making smoking cessation essential.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
[どんな病気か]
 肺、肺の血管、肺の機能を助けている神経・筋肉・胸郭(きょうかく)が障害されて、肺に血液を送っている右心室(うしんしつ)の負担が増して機能が低下することによっておこります。肺動脈が硬くなって、血圧が高くなる肺高血圧症(はいこうけつあつしょう)が直接の原因となります。
 心臓の血液の流れは、心臓に戻ってきた血液が右心室にいったん入った後、肺の血管を経て左心室(さしんしつ)へたまり、そこから全身へ送られます。肺性心では肺の血管が硬く狭くなるために、その手前にある右心室の負担が増えて、やがて機能も低下してきます。なかなかよい治療法がなく、治りにくい病気です。
[原因]
 急性と慢性に分けると、急性のほとんどは急性肺血栓塞栓症(きゅうせいはいけっせんそくせんしょう)で、早期診断・治療が行なわれれば治りますが、遅れると命にかかわります。それ以外は慢性で、多くの肺疾患が進行した場合や、肺の血管が障害される原発性肺高血圧症(げんぱつせいはいこうけつあつしょう)・慢性肺血栓塞栓症(まんせいはいけっせんそくせんしょう)、胸郭の変形をきたしている場合、呼吸筋を動かしている神経が異常な場合などにおこります。
[症状]
 急性の肺性心である急性肺血栓塞栓症は突然の呼吸困難で発症し、なかには血圧が低下して一時的に意識を失ったり、突然死する場合もあります。また、胸の痛みをともなうこともあります。
 慢性の肺性心では、からだを動かしたときの息切れ、疲れやすさ、食欲の低下、顔面や脚(あし)などのむくみなどが現われ、徐々に進行します。
[検査と診断]
 急性肺血栓塞栓症の場合には、なるべく早く専門の医療機関を受診する必要があります。
 慢性の場合には、医師の診察によって右心室の不全が発見される場合もあります。胸部X線写真で肺動脈の拡大や心陰影の拡大などにより、診断されます。ある程度進行すると心電図にも異常が現われ、心エコー検査(心臓超音波検査(「心臓超音波検査(心エコー)」))によっても診断されます。最終的には心臓の中へ細い管を入れて肺動脈の血圧を測る心臓カテーテル検査により診断されます。
[治療]
 さまざまな原因疾患があり、その原因疾患を治療することが先決です。
 動脈の中の酸素の量が減少している場合には、酸素吸入を継続して行なう必要があります。これは在宅酸素療法(「在宅酸素療法」)と呼ばれ、健康保険で受けることができます。
 気管支炎や肺炎などの肺の感染症がある場合には、肺性心を悪化させる原因となるので、十分治療しなければなりません。右心室の負担がさらに大きくなった場合には、利尿薬を内服や注射で使用したり、重症の場合には入院して強心薬を点滴したりします。
●日常生活の注意
 急激に呼吸困難がおこった場合には心疾患、肺疾患とともに急性肺血栓塞栓症の可能性を考える必要があります。慢性の肺性心では過度の労作(ろうさ)(日常生活上のさまざまな動作)を控え、塩分の制限をしなければなりません。また、かぜにかからないように細心の注意も必要です。
●予防
 急性肺血栓塞栓症は、長時間下肢(かし)を動かさずにいた後に急に動いたとき、脚(あし)にできた血栓(けっせん)が肺に流れてつまることによりおこります。したがって、車や飛行機に長時間乗ったときなどは、途中でときどき歩くことによって予防されます。また一方の脚がむくんだことがある人は、脚に血栓ができやすい状態にある可能性があるので、専門医を受診する必要があります。
 慢性の肺性心のうち、肺の血管の障害でおこる原発性肺高血圧症などは原因がよくわかっていないため、予防の方法がありません。
 しかし、もっとも頻度の高い肺疾患は、喫煙が原因および増悪因子(ぞうあくいんし)となっていることが多く、禁煙が不可欠です。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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