Walther Hermann Nernst

Japanese: ネルンスト - ねるんすと(英語表記)Walther Hermann Nernst
Walther Hermann Nernst

German physical chemist and discoverer of the third law of thermodynamics. Born on June 25th in Briesen, a small village in West Prussia (now Wonbrzezno, Poland). His father was a local judge. After studying at universities in Zurich and Berlin, he studied under Boltzmann at the University of Graz, where he studied the combined effect of heat flow and magnetic field on electric current in metals (the Nernst effect). In 1888 he became an assistant to Ostwald at the University of Leipzig, and in 1889 he introduced the concept of ionization solution pressure of electrode materials, derived the "Nernst equation" regarding electrode potential, and was recognized as a physical chemist. At that time, Germany was in the midst of rapid expansion of its military following the unification of the German Empire in 1871 and the resignation of Bismarck in 1890, during which the German synthetic chemical industry was established and developed, and it was also a time when German science reached its zenith, with over ten Nobel Prize-winning scientists, including Planck and Einstein, during the First World War (though it would decline with the rise of the Nazis). Physical chemistry also made rapid developments during this time, and Nernst was one of its leaders. In 1891 he was transferred to the University of Göttingen, where he became a professor in 1894.

In 1905, he became a professor at the University of Berlin, and in the following year, 1906, he discovered his greatest achievement, the "Nernst heat theorem" (the third law of thermodynamics), which relates to the entropy at absolute zero. Experimental research to establish this theorem as a general law of thermodynamics continued at Nernst's laboratory, which opened up a new field of calorimetry at low temperatures and made an important experimental contribution to the formation of quantum theory. Nernst also believed that his theorem also applied to gases, and predicted the "degeneracy of gases", the solution of which was later given by quantum statistical mechanics. In 1918, he was the first to introduce the idea of ​​a chain reaction into the photochemical reaction of hydrogen and chlorine, and clarified its mechanism. He also invented the "Nernst light bulb" (1897). In 1920, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research in thermochemistry. He passed away on November 18, 1941, near Berlin.

[Tokiwano Kazuo]

"The World of Nernst: The Rise and Fall of German Science" by K. Mendelssohn, translated by Kayo Fujii and Akihiko Fujii (1976, Iwanami Shoten)

[References] | Ostwald | Electrolyte | Nernst heat theorem | Boltzmann

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの物理化学者。熱力学第三法則の発見者。6月25日西プロイセンの小村ブリーゼン(現、ポーランドのボンブジェズノ)に生まれる。父はこの地方の判事であった。チューリヒとベルリンの大学で学んだのち、グラーツ大学でボルツマンの指導を受け、金属中の電流に及ぼす熱流と磁場の合成効果(ネルンスト効果)を研究した。1888年ライプツィヒ大学のオストワルトの助手となり、1889年電極物質の電離溶圧の概念を導入して電極電位に関する「ネルンストの式」を導出、物理化学者として認められる。当時ドイツは、1871年のドイツ帝国の統一、1890年ビスマルク退陣後、軍備拡張が急速に進められるなかで、ドイツ合成化学工業が成立、発展を遂げる時期にあり、また第一次世界大戦を挟んで、ドイツ科学がプランク、アインシュタインをはじめ十指に余るノーベル賞学者を擁してその頂点を極めた時代(それはナチスの台頭とともに衰退する)であった。そのなかにあって物理化学もまた急速な発展を遂げるが、その指導者の一人がネルンストであった。1891年ゲッティンゲン大学に転任、1894年同教授となる。

 1905年ベルリン大学教授となり、翌1906年、彼の最大の業績である絶対零度のエントロピーに関する「ネルンストの熱定理」=熱力学第三法則を発見した。ネルンストの研究所ではこの定理を熱力学の一般法則として確立するための実験的研究が続けられ、それは低温における熱測定という新しい分野を開き、量子論の形成に実験の面から重要な寄与をすることになる。またネルンストは気体に対しても彼の定理が成立すると考え「気体の縮退」を予言、その解決はのちに量子統計力学によって与えられた。1918年には水素‐塩素の光化学反応に初めて連鎖反応の考えを導入しその機構を明らかにした。「ネルンスト電球」の発明(1897)もある。熱化学の研究により1920年ノーベル化学賞受賞。1941年11月18日ベルリン近郊でその生涯を閉じた。

[常盤野和男]

『K・メンデルスゾーン著、藤井かよ・藤井昭彦訳『ネルンストの世界――ドイツ科学の興亡』(1976・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | オストワルト | 電解質 | ネルンストの熱定理 | ボルツマン

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