Louis-Eugène-Félix Néel

Japanese: ネール - ねーる(英語表記)Louis-Eugène-Félix Néel
Louis-Eugène-Félix Néel

French physicist. He studied under Weiss at the University of Strasbourg, and was professor at the University of Grenoble in 1945, scientific advisor to the French Navy in 1952, director of the Grenoble Institute of Nuclear Research in 1957, president of the International Society of Pure and Applied Physics (1963-1966), president of the Louis de Broglie Foundation (1973-1991), director of the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) (1979-1983), and others. In the 1930s, he discovered a material that, unlike ordinary ferromagnetic materials, has alternating atomic magnetic moments and does not exhibit magnetism macroscopically, and named it an antiferromagnet. He also discovered a ferrimagnetic material in which moments of different magnitudes are arranged alternately. He developed Weiss's theory of molecular fields to explain the magnetism of these materials. These studies made it possible to produce magnetic materials according to the purpose of their application, and the newly sintered ferrite brought about revolutionary advances in microwave electronics and computers. His research also extends to the theory of magnetic domains and microparticle magnets, and he explained that the direction of remanent magnetization of magnetic microparticles precipitated in rocks can tell us the history of the movement of the Earth's magnetic poles. In 1970, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his fundamental research into antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism, along with Swedish physicist Alfven, who studied magnetohydrodynamics. He also founded the Laboratory of Electrostatics and Metal Physics in Grenoble, France in 1945, and served as its director. The Magnetic Research Institute, which was developed from this institute in 1971, was renamed the Louis-Nehre Institute in 1976 to commemorate his achievements in this field.

[Konno Hiroshi]

[References] | Alfven | Neel temperature | Antiferromagnet | Ferrimagnet | Weiss

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの物理学者。ストラスブール大学でワイスに師事し、1945年グルノーブル大学教授、1952年フランス海軍科学顧問、1957年グルノーブル原子核研究所理事、国際純・応用物理学会会長(1963~1966)、ルイ・ド・ブロイ財団理事長(1973~1991)、国立科学研究センター(CNRS:Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)理事(1979~1983)などを歴任。1930年代に、普通の強磁性体とは異なって、原子磁気モーメントの向きを交互に配列し、巨視的には磁性を現さない物質を発見し、反強磁性体と名づけた。また異なる大きさのモーメントを交互に配列するフェリ磁性体もみいだした。そして、ワイスの分子場の理論を発展させ、これらの物質の磁性を説明した。これらの研究により、磁性体は応用目的に応じた生産が可能となり、新たに焼結されたフェライトは、マイクロ波エレクトロニクスやコンピュータに革命的な進歩をもたらした。研究は、磁区の理論、微粒子磁石などにも及び、岩石中に析出される磁性微粒子の残留磁化の方向から、地球の磁極が移動した歴史を知ることができることを説明した。1970年、反強磁性と強磁性についての基礎的研究により、磁気流体力学を研究したスウェーデンの物理学者アルベーンとともにノーベル物理学賞を受けた。なお、彼は1945年にフランスのグルノーブルで静電気・金属物理学研究所を設立し、その研究所長を務めた。この研究所から1971年に発展的に派生した磁気研究所は、1976年以降、彼のこの分野での功績を記念してルイ・ネール研究所と改名された。

[今野 宏]

[参照項目] | アルベーン | ネール温度 | 反強磁性体 | フェリ磁性体 | ワイス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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