When a substance is heated or cooled, changes occur in its internal structure (organization), which can significantly improve its properties. The technology that utilizes this phenomenon to improve the properties of industrial materials is called heat treatment. Steel is a typical example of a material whose properties can be changed drastically by heat treatment. It can be soft enough to be easily deformed, but it can also be hard enough to cut the steel itself. , ①, illustrates the normalizing process. This process normalizes various structures such as cast and forged structures into a standard structure, so normalizing is performed before the actual heat treatment. , ②, shows the quenching and tempering process. When it is rapidly cooled from a high temperature (about 900°C), a phase change unique to steel (martensitic transformation) occurs, resulting in a very hard structure. As it is brittle in this state, it is reheated (tempered) at 200-600°C to make it strong and tough. The well-known quenching and tempering of Japanese swords is a heat treatment method invented in the early Kamakura period, and is basically the same as the quenching and tempering performed today on tool steels such as blades and saws.Duralumin is a typical aluminum alloy used in aircraft bodies, and this material can also be significantly strengthened by heat treatment. As shown in , ①, it is first heated to a high temperature (but below the melting point) and then quickly cooled. This treatment creates a state in which excess alloy atoms are dissolved in the aluminum crystals (supersaturated solid solution). Heat treatment up to this point is called solutionization. Next, when it is reheated to about 100°C (aging), the excess alloy atoms that were dissolved precipitate in the form of fine, unique crystals, resulting in a significant strengthening of the aluminum crystals. This phenomenon is called precipitation hardening, and is a heat treatment that is extremely effective not only for aluminum alloys but also for strengthening fine ceramic materials. In addition, precipitation improves physical properties other than strength, so it is also widely used in heat treatment of magnetic materials., ②, illustrates a method of refining crystal grains by combining processing and heat treatment. Generally, the finer the crystal grains of a material are, the stronger it is, so in recent years, many structural materials have had their crystal grains controlled to about 1 micrometer by thermomechanical processing. [Taiji Nishizawa] [Reference] | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Heat treatment cycle and structural changes in steel materials (Fig. ©Shogakukan "> Principles of solution treatment, aging treatment and thermomechanical treatment (Fig.… Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物質を加熱したり冷却したりすると、内部構造(組織)に変化がおこって、性質が著しく改良されることがある。これを利用して工業材料の特性向上を図る技術を熱処理という。 鉄鋼材料は熱処理によって特性を大幅に変換しうる材料の代表例であり、自在に変形できるように軟らかくもなるが、逆に、鋼自身を削りうるほど硬くすることもできる。 の①は焼きならし処理を図示したもので、鋳造組織や鍛造組織など種々雑多な組織であったものが、この処理によって標準的な組織にならされるので、本来の熱処理に先だって、焼きならし処理が行われる。 の②は焼入れ・焼戻し処理であり、高温(約900℃)から急冷すると、鉄鋼に特有の相変化(マルテンサイト変態)がおこって、非常に硬い組織になる。このままではもろいので、200~600℃で再加熱(焼戻し)して、強靭(きょうじん)な鋼とする。よく知られた日本刀の焼入れ・焼戻しは、鎌倉時代初期に創案された熱処理法であり、今日、刃物や鋸(のこぎり)などの工具用鋼に行われている焼入れ・焼戻しと基本的には変わりがない。ジュラルミンは航空機の機体などに使用されている代表的なアルミ合金であるが、この材料も熱処理によって著しく強化される。 の①のように、まず高温(ただし融点以下)で加熱してから、急いで冷却する。この処理によって、アルミ結晶中に合金原子が余分に溶け込んだ状態(過飽和固溶体)になる。ここまでの熱処理を溶体化という。次に、100℃程度に再加熱(時効)すると、溶け込んでいた余分の合金原子が、微細な独自の結晶を組んで析出し、その結果、アルミ結晶が著しく強化される。この現象は析出硬化とよばれていて、アルミ合金だけでなく、ファインセラミックス材料の強化にもきわめて有効な熱処理である。また、析出に伴って強度以外の物理的特性も改善されるので、磁石材料の熱処理にも広く応用されている。の②は、加工法と熱処理法とを組み合わせて、結晶粒の微細化を行う方法を図示したものである。材料は一般に結晶粒が細かいほど強靭になるので、近年の構造用材料は、加工熱処理によって結晶粒を1マイクロメートル程度に制御されているものが多い。 [西沢泰二] [参照項目] | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 鉄鋼材料の熱処理サイクルと組織変化〔図… ©Shogakukan"> 溶体化・時効処理と加工熱処理の原理〔図… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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